Chapter 21 (Atypical Development) Flashcards
What are the 4 things that should be existing in a child for a typical environment
- Absence of disorder
- Statistical fact (within 2 sd)
- Desired situation
- Successful adaption
If these things are not there then it is a atypical development
What are the 4 biggest advances in atypical development research
- Knowledge about prenatal development
- Knowledge about genetics
- Brain imaging
- Eye tracking
Why is the prevalence of autism increasing
- more knowledge about autism (siblings, friends)
- different diagostic tools
- early indentification
- assortative mating
What is special about autism and other mental illnesses
more than 70 % of autism spectrum disorders also mee the criteria for
- anxiety
- adhd
- depression
- oppositional defiant disorder
What is special about adhd and other mental illnesses
more than 70 % of adhd spectrum disorders also mee the criteria for
- Learning disorder
- anxiety disorder
What are things that can increase the development for autism
Exposure to a number of drugs and medicins, but also vitamin D and folic acid deficiency
What are things that can increase the development for adhd
- Stress during pregnancy
2. Cigarettes and alcohol
what does it mean that autism is a polygenetic disorder
there are about 800 genes associated with autism
what did researcher recently found out about autism
it is a more broader somatic disorder with also sleep disorder
is the heritability of adhd high or low
it has a 74% heritability chance which is ver yhigh
What is special with children with adhd and the stop signal task
they perform worse, as they have less inhibitory working memory
What is special about the hypothesis with adhd and eye tracking takss
only the patients with language impairment spend less time looking at the eyes of characters
what areas and tests do children with autism perform worse on
- exective functioning tasks
2. central coherence
What are the three theories for explaining autism
- theory of mind (not understanding that others have thoughts and beliefs)
- executive functioning (deficit in executive functioning)
- central coherence (not being able to see context)
- ->
What are the main explanations for ADHD
- deficit in inhibitory control (cant stop doing things)
- multiple developmental pathways in adhd (other clinical features)
- dual pathway hypothesis (low cognitive and affective executive function)
What are interventions for Autism
there is no evidence based pharmalogical intervention - cognitive behavioural therapy - social skills training - modeling -
What are interventions for ADHD
ritalin is a good pharmalogical evidence based intervention
- free fatty acid supplementation
- artificial food colour exclusion
- cognitive training
What does it mean that autism is heterogeneous
it can be caused by different abnormalities in genes
What is the difference between delayed and different child development
delayed means that the development is normal but later
different mean that it is qualitatively different from normal
What are 3 ways to study the delay and difference in a child
- Achievements in time frame
- Performance compared to other children
- performance compared to chronological age
- -> false belief tasks are often used
What are the 3 developments that impacted the understanding of atypical development
- Human genome project (Genes are more complicated than we thought, cause there are nor that many)
- brain imaging
- eye tracking
What is amniocentesis
A medical procedure where amniotic fluid with foetal tissies is examind for genetic abnormalities
What is the difference in normal brain activity and a patient with adhd
THe adhd patient has more activity in the frontal cortex
What is the Williams Syndrome
A extremely rare cognition
- congition is atypical (low IQ except verbal and socially)
There is difference between Williams syndrome and Specific language impairment, as people with WS have more difficulties communicating in socially apropiate ways (pragmatics)
What is autism
1% in population - social impairment - communication weak - repetitive behavviour - narrow set of interests - atypical eye contact Asperger and pervasive developmental disorder are also types of it
what is adhd
develop in lifespan - excessively hyperactive - impulsive - inattentive often coocur with other disorders (conduct disorder)
Should children with visual impairment be considered as disordered?
characteristically they are different, however
- sometimes caused by genetiv abnormalities
- atypical sensation and experience
- often show autistic symptoms
- poor communication development
What is the bronfenbrenners ecological model and its 5 systems
it takes into account that some disorders are cause not only by genes but also by the enviromental input
- microsystem (close relationships)
- Mesosystem (connections between microsystems)
- Exosystem (enviroment like place of living or media)
- Macrosystem (culture)
- Chronosystem (sociocultural events)
