Chapter 17 (Social development and culture)

Question 1

What is bronfenbrenners ecological model

Answer 1

its a system that integrates many factors in development

Question 2

What is social cognition and what things does it include

Answer 2

it includes all the meaningful interaction with others

1. social competence

Question 3

What is social competence and psychopathy

Answer 3

ability to achieve personal goals from interactions while having a good relationship with others
it also predicts many cognitive abilities
Psychopathy means that they are have lack of empathy, intelligence anc charm and antisocial behaviour
–> still socially competence, but not longterm

Question 4

[research brain areas for social interactions]

Answer 4

asda

Question 5

what 4 networks are important for the social brain

Answer 5

1. mirror network
2. amygdala network (emotions)
3. mentalizing network (thinking about what is the other experiencing)
4. empathy network (what is the other one feelign)

Question 6

what is adolscence

Answer 6

it is the period from puberty to independece in adulthood

start menstruation/ejaculation

Question 7

why has the start of adolescence gone earlier over the last 150 years

Answer 7

because of 
- more wealth
- better healthcare
- diet (more fat percepntage)
people in low secure and high stress homes with bad diets have earlier adolescence

Question 8

what is the order in which brain areas develop

Answer 8

1. sensory motor (finished at 4 years)
2. pariental and temporal (finished at 10 years)
3. Prefrontal cortex (finished at 16)

Question 9

what 5 peonts make social life of adolescents unique

Answer 9

1. less dependent on parents/more on peers
2. more peer interaction
3. relationships are less stable and more rejective
4. more sexual and intimate relationships
5. more alcohol/drug use by influence from peers

Question 10

define culture

Answer 10

all the information that is not fixed in genome and that is transmitted socially
culture here determines the available mediators (schools, help) and shape cognition skils

Question 11

what did vygotsky say about culture

Answer 11

he stated that the social enviroment and culture is ciritcal to learning and evolving abilities

Question 12

what is the zone of proximal development and its 3 stages

Answer 12

skills that are just a but too difficult but can be learned with help from others

1. anxiety zone: cant do it
2. learning zone: can do it with help
3. comfort zone: am able to do it

Question 13

what is interesting about child street vendors and their math skills

Answer 13

they are able to complete many math problem pracitcally in real life with money and stuff, but struggle with pen and paper maths

Question 14

what are some example differences in cultures

Answer 14

• life expectancy + infant mortality
• illiteracy
• income
• homocide
• ATTACHMENT

Question 15

what is special about attachment in non western/traditional cultures

Answer 15

many assumptions here are just not happening there
there are about the same secure attachment, even tho the parenting style is more close
this may be becasue of more alloparenting (more than one caretaker)

Question 16

what is special about people from individualistic societies

Answer 16

• they use I more often

- …

Question 17

how did individualism and collectivism develop

Answer 17

indi: strive of freedom, wealth, independence/many tribes with ownership like nomads and herds
collect: rice growing required a lot of extensive collaboration/also hunter gatherers with equality

Question 18

what 3 key developments should a adolescent have when entering adulthood

Answer 18

1. Autonumity
2. emotional regulation
3. Sense of their own identity
4. Able to form relationship with others

Question 19

what is phylogeny and ontogeny

Answer 19

phylogeny is the evolutionary development of a species
ontogeny is the personal development of a individual
phylogeny repeats itself in ontogeny (recapitulation)

Question 20

what is field theory and life space (lewin)

Answer 20

Its the theory that behaviour results from an interaction of the person and its enviroment
The persons enviroment can be divided into regions which correspond to the individuals characteristics

Question 21

what 4 types of time allocations are there

Answer 21

1. Outer directed time (career, development and financial gain)
2. Other people directed time (enhancing popularity and relationships)
3. Inner directed time (self development with hobbies, sports and creative expression)
4. Non directed time (passive relaxation without goal or gain)

Question 22

what are gender and race differences in time alloaction

Answer 22

Gender: Boys have preference for non directed time, girls for other directed time
Race: very similar, but in different activities

Question 23

What 4 types of parenting styles are there

Answer 23

1. authoritative (high response, high demand)
2. authoritarian (low response, high demand)
3. Indulgement (high response, low demand)
4. neglectful (low response, low demand)

Question 24

what was harry stack sullivans idea

Answer 24

he stated that the interpersonal interactions are what shape behaviour most

Question 25

what are the 4 stages adolescence go through when discovering romantic relationships

Answer 25

1. Initiation
2. Status (can give you more prestige)
3. Affection (searching for love)
4. Bonding (building future together)

Question 26

what is the epigenetic principle

Answer 26

that parts of an organism develop in a sequential order (stages), like a blueprint

Question 27

compare erik erikson to freud

Answer 27

• erik was more focued on identity
• freud was focused on how basic needs on childhood influences, erik more on social and enviromental factors
• both were modeling stages people go though

Question 28

what is the period of moratorium

Answer 28

period where adolescence identify with different beliefs, values and ideologies because of a lack in self identity

Question 29

What was the study by verhulp about

Answer 29

if immigrant adolescence use the same amount of mental health care as non immigratns

Question 30

What nationalities use the most/least health care

Answer 30

1. Dutch
2. Surinamese
3. turkish
4. moroccan
   immigrants also report less mental health problems even tho they have the same

Question 31

what are explanations for why immigrants use less mental health care

Answer 31

they are less able to recognize mental problems (especially turks and maroccan)