Chapter 5 (percetion, action and knowledge)

Question 1

what is constructivism

Answer 1

when infants construct all the knowledge and the ability to represent reality mentally themselves.

Question 2

what are the two ways of how children develop new perception

Answer 2

1. biological development

2. exploration

Question 3

when does fear of depth develop

Answer 3

after about 6 weeks

Question 4

how can you find out if infants see difference in two objects

Answer 4

by habituition - dishabituition

Question 5

Define Cognitive development

Answer 5

the developement of behaviours related to cognititve tasks (perception, attention, thinking, attention etc)

Question 6

what is visual acuitiy and how good is it at birth

Answer 6

its basically how exactly a baby can see and is about 1/30 as good as adults

Question 7

how do infants see shapes

Answer 7

they can already percieve differences between simple shapes

they also percieve them as a who and not just as a collection of parts

Question 8

what is size and shape constancy

Answer 8

the understanding that sizes and shapes remain constant even from other angles or distances
it already exists at birth

Question 9

when does object unity develop

Answer 9

at around 4 months by common motion

infants do not have it

Question 10

what is object trajecotry

Answer 10

when seeing an obejct moving behind an obstacle and still percieving it as moving and not teleporting

Question 11

what is subjective contour

Answer 11

when we percieve full shapes even though parts of them are missing
this is there at birth

Question 12

what are the two explanations for face preference in infants

Answer 12

1. innate preference (conspec and conlern)

2. preference for stimulus with more details in top half (like faces)

Question 13

what faces do infants prefer

Answer 13

they prefer the face of the mother just after birth

they prefer more attractive faces, which may be because they are more prototypical

Question 14

what is the interpetation for children prefering female faces after 3 months but only of the own race

Answer 14

infants are born with very general system for recognizing faces
experience then leads to a more specific face system tune to face and gender

Question 15

how are infants able to imitate

Answer 15

this is probably based on intermodal matching as seeing a gesture and producing it makes same sensation
it is multisensory

Question 16

what is motherese

Answer 16

the way of speaking when directing at infants

infants prefer this

Question 17

when does object permanence develop according to piaget

Answer 17

at around 9 months

piaget srgued this because of the a not b error

Question 18

what is subitising

Answer 18

the ability to percieve the amount of items without counting them
this only exists for infants in very small numbers

Question 19

are infants able to count

Answer 19

they have understanding of addition and subtraction as their brain activity matches the one of adults