Chapter 11 (Theory of Mind)

Question 1

Define theory of mind

Answer 1

the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others (beliefs, emotions, desires)

Question 2

for what things is theory of mind important

Answer 2

trusting
imagination
empathy
convincing comeone
pretending

Question 3

how is theory of mind assesed

Answer 3

1. Sally basket test/unexpected transfer test (A puts thing in basket, B puts thing in closet, where will A look fot the thing)
2. deceptive box test (what did you think was in the smarties box before you say there were pencils in there)
   - -> 3 year olds fail, 4 year olds succeed

Question 4

what is the hindsight bias

Answer 4

when a person sees an event as more predictable when it already happened compared to before even tho its impossible to know
it shows that some adults also fail in Theory of Mind

Question 5

what is autism

Answer 5

• genetic origin
• its lifelong
• affects 1% of people (more male)
• 45% have low IQ

Question 6

what are the symptoms of autism

Answer 6

1. ) deficits in social interaction and communication
2. ) restricitve, repetitive patters of behaviour, interests or activities (dont like change)
3. ) Problems with Imagination
   - -> Theory of Mind

Question 7

how to autistic children interact with the sally basket taks

Answer 7

the majority fail

Question 8

what is the central coherence theory and how is it realted to autism

Answer 8

Being able to understand context

autistic children have difficulties bringing tohether details into a coherent whole

Question 9

when can confidendality be broken

Answer 9

if they are going to hurt themselves
if they are going to hurt others
if they are being abused

Question 10

what are instruments for psychologgical assessment

Answer 10

• Clinical interviews
• Behavioural observations
• Tests on intellectual functions or other stuff
• behaviour rating scales

Question 11

what are the main symptoms or depression

Answer 11

1. depressed mood most of the day

2. reduced interest

Question 12

explain false belief

Answer 12

knowing that somebody else has a wrong belief different from you
for example knowing that somebody else that somebody isnt knowing to know what you know

Question 13

when does false belief and also theory of mind develop

Answer 13

around the 4th birthday a radical shift in mental concepts happens

Question 14

why is the case in theory of mind still considered gradual

Answer 14

because the success of the tasks still depends on the presention of it
also, there are theories that it depends more on the general processing abilities which develop gradually and which are the thing that restrict the theory of mind ability

Question 15

why do children take longer in ToM

Answer 15

because they are more prone to making errors and correcting them which proves that they are not worse in performance

Question 16

what type of culture is best at making judgment about belief (theory of mind)

Answer 16

collectivistic, as they have more trust in each other which in turn makes it easier to know what they are thinking

Question 17

how does hindsight bias happen in stock market

Answer 17

when a stock rises or falls, people tend to believe that they were able to see that before and there were signs, even tho there was no way of doing so

Question 18

is the development if theory of mind nature or nurture

Answer 18

it seems to be both, and not only nature as social experience seem to influence it

Question 19

what is the view of mudularity

Answer 19

that different abilities have different modules in the brain

For example theory of mind, which is lacking in autistic children

Question 20

how does family correlate with theory of mind and IQ

Answer 20

IQ is negatively correlated with number of siblings, because the parental input is divided
Still, children perform better on theory of mind tests like false belief when they have many older siblings

Question 21

what is the purpose of an assesment

Answer 21

to answer the referral question
give a clear describiton on the problems and causes
its not always to diagnose

Question 22

what are the 3 principles of evidence based assessment

Answer 22

1. every decision by up to date research
2. results should only be used for validated interpretations
3. the assessment should be done by a hypothesis testing approach

Question 23

what is incrementing validity

Answer 23

how much a measurement provides unique additional information

Question 24

what are other methods of assessment

Answer 24

1. interview
2. observation
3. tests (IQ)
4. Behaviour rating scales
5. laboratory tasks