Chapter 11 (Theory of Mind) Flashcards
Define theory of mind
the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others (beliefs, emotions, desires)
for what things is theory of mind important
trusting imagination empathy convincing comeone pretending
how is theory of mind assesed
- Sally basket test/unexpected transfer test (A puts thing in basket, B puts thing in closet, where will A look fot the thing)
- deceptive box test (what did you think was in the smarties box before you say there were pencils in there)
- -> 3 year olds fail, 4 year olds succeed
what is the hindsight bias
when a person sees an event as more predictable when it already happened compared to before even tho its impossible to know
it shows that some adults also fail in Theory of Mind
what is autism
- genetic origin
- its lifelong
- affects 1% of people (more male)
- 45% have low IQ
what are the symptoms of autism
- ) deficits in social interaction and communication
- ) restricitve, repetitive patters of behaviour, interests or activities (dont like change)
- ) Problems with Imagination
- -> Theory of Mind
how to autistic children interact with the sally basket taks
the majority fail
what is the central coherence theory and how is it realted to autism
Being able to understand context
autistic children have difficulties bringing tohether details into a coherent whole
when can confidendality be broken
if they are going to hurt themselves
if they are going to hurt others
if they are being abused
what are instruments for psychologgical assessment
- Clinical interviews
- Behavioural observations
- Tests on intellectual functions or other stuff
- behaviour rating scales
what are the main symptoms or depression
- depressed mood most of the day
2. reduced interest
explain false belief
knowing that somebody else has a wrong belief different from you
for example knowing that somebody else that somebody isnt knowing to know what you know
when does false belief and also theory of mind develop
around the 4th birthday a radical shift in mental concepts happens
why is the case in theory of mind still considered gradual
because the success of the tasks still depends on the presention of it
also, there are theories that it depends more on the general processing abilities which develop gradually and which are the thing that restrict the theory of mind ability
why do children take longer in ToM
because they are more prone to making errors and correcting them which proves that they are not worse in performance
what type of culture is best at making judgment about belief (theory of mind)
collectivistic, as they have more trust in each other which in turn makes it easier to know what they are thinking
how does hindsight bias happen in stock market
when a stock rises or falls, people tend to believe that they were able to see that before and there were signs, even tho there was no way of doing so
is the development if theory of mind nature or nurture
it seems to be both, and not only nature as social experience seem to influence it
what is the view of mudularity
that different abilities have different modules in the brain
For example theory of mind, which is lacking in autistic children
how does family correlate with theory of mind and IQ
IQ is negatively correlated with number of siblings, because the parental input is divided
Still, children perform better on theory of mind tests like false belief when they have many older siblings
what is the purpose of an assesment
to answer the referral question
give a clear describiton on the problems and causes
its not always to diagnose
what are the 3 principles of evidence based assessment
- every decision by up to date research
- results should only be used for validated interpretations
- the assessment should be done by a hypothesis testing approach
what is incrementing validity
how much a measurement provides unique additional information
what are other methods of assessment
- interview
- observation
- tests (IQ)
- Behaviour rating scales
- laboratory tasks
