Chapter 19 (Risk Factors)

Question 1

Define Risk factors

Answer 1

factors outside child that threaten the childs basic human needs

Question 2

What is the macrosystem

Answer 2

The culture at a give time

Question 3

What are 2 most important risk factors

Answer 3

1. Stress (frequent stress is bad because the normal point does not return to baseline –> allostasis)
2. Parenting (lack of parenting and basic needs have many bad effects)

Question 4

how do you assess risk factors

Answer 4

cumulatitve models just add the number of riskfactors and predict very well
The combination between them is very important
–> 8+ riskfactors cause IQ -30

Question 5

What is Equifinality

Answer 5

Multiple riskfactors cause one big problem trait

Question 6

What is multifinality

Answer 6

One riskfactor causes multiple problem traits

Question 7

What internalizing problems

Answer 7

Internal problems that cannot be seen from the outside

1. Child characterisitcs (the child positive nad negative characteristics predicts how the child is going to be later)
2. Enviromental characteristics (exposure to bad events or things risks later development)

Question 8

What are externalizing problems

Answer 8

External problems which can be seen from the outside

These are often learned by observation

Question 9

What is the risk factor interaction model

Answer 9

When the risk gene (gene MAO related to risk behaviour) meets maltreatment, its highly related with bad behaviour and prison

Question 10

What is … model

Answer 10

as

Question 11

What is the dunedin study

Answer 11

It looked at self control development on multiple outcomes

It found that self control is a strong predictor of multiple outcomes like income, police encounters and overall success

Question 12

what are the genetic and enviromental factors for the development of alcohol addiction

Answer 12

50% of genetic factors (personality etc)

50% enviromental factors (social learning etc)

Question 13

What are the external and internal factors for the development of alcohol addiction

Answer 13

70% externalizing pathway,

30% internalizing factors

Question 14

how does the age of onset effects development of addiction

Answer 14

-

Question 15

what effects does interventions have

Answer 15

school based interventions is hardly ever effetive
parent intervention also is also not really effective
but both together show significant effect

Question 16

what 4 areas does intervention include

Answer 16

3. 4.

Question 17

What is the research by Jim Fallon

Answer 17

He found out that there is certain brain schemes that predict serial killers
He also had these but he had a good childhood

Question 18

What is resilence

Answer 18

Resilence occurs when children experience positive outcomes desprite from significant risks

Question 19

What are risks (in development)

Answer 19

Stressors that increase the likelyhood of maladjustment in children

• catastrophic events
• family adversities
• economic conditions
• exposire to negative enviroments

Question 20

What are protective factors and its biggest 3 areas

Answer 20

anything that reduces the chance for the development of a disorder

1. Personal Characteristics (self esteem, inhibition…)
2. Family Characterisitcs (attachment style…)
3. External support systems (friends, school)

Question 21

What are vulnerability factors

Answer 21

Character traits of an individual that make it easier or harder to cope with risk factors and be more resistant

Question 22

How do risk factors change during age

Answer 22

young children are more dependent on their family but may not grasp the concept of war or violence
Older children may get more support from other communites but more influenced by loss

Question 23

What is parental bereavement

Answer 23

the death of a parent
this can get worse if multiple stressors and risks like new enviroemnt are added
it may still not be (longterm) as bad as parental seperation and divorce

Question 24

How does divorce influence a child

Answer 24

children growing up in single parent homes are less successfull on average
highest risks come from
- high interparental conflict
- loss of contact
- bad mental health of parents
Most of the children still develop a good resilence

Question 25

what is the intergenerational cycle of difficulties

Answer 25

The longterm problems that arrise because of a childhood divorce.
The children have more problems later with family members, relations and at the workplace. Also their wellbeing is lower

Question 26

when do you speak of childhood income poverty

Answer 26

when the family income falls below a level which is necesssary for minimum coverage of basic needs for the child which has negative effects
this is especially bad in early childhood

Question 27

What are societal mechanisms

Answer 27

Its the larger scale social context like racism or discrimination
It plays a large role in underachievement

Question 28

what is risk specificy

Answer 28

the assessment of an risk factor, taking into account the specific effect and how well the child dealt with it

Question 29

What do most models of risk and resilence say

Answer 29

That prevention only has an effect if there is also a risk

There will be no resilence effect if there is no risk, even if there is large prevention

Question 30

What is deterioration and mobilzation

Answer 30

deterioration is when a risk decreases the ability to funciton
mobolization is when a risk factor actually increases your way of functioning

Question 31

What are the 3 types of intervention designs

Answer 31

1. Risk focused (attempting to reduce risk exposure)
2. Asset focused (make childs life better)
3. Process oriented (improve adaption system in children

Question 32

What 4 things did the Moffitt study look at

Answer 32

1. Effet self control on later health
2. Does improving self control result in better life
3. Effect self control on early choices
4. Self control predicts adult outcome

Question 33

what does good self control predict

Answer 33

1. substance abuse
2. Finance success
3. Relationship success
4. Crime rate
   It predicts even better than social class or IQ
   It does not predict depression