Chapter 19 (Risk Factors) Flashcards
Define Risk factors
factors outside child that threaten the childs basic human needs
What is the macrosystem
The culture at a give time
What are 2 most important risk factors
- Stress (frequent stress is bad because the normal point does not return to baseline –> allostasis)
- Parenting (lack of parenting and basic needs have many bad effects)
how do you assess risk factors
cumulatitve models just add the number of riskfactors and predict very well
The combination between them is very important
–> 8+ riskfactors cause IQ -30
What is Equifinality
Multiple riskfactors cause one big problem trait
What is multifinality
One riskfactor causes multiple problem traits
What internalizing problems
Internal problems that cannot be seen from the outside
- Child characterisitcs (the child positive nad negative characteristics predicts how the child is going to be later)
- Enviromental characteristics (exposure to bad events or things risks later development)
What are externalizing problems
External problems which can be seen from the outside
These are often learned by observation
What is the risk factor interaction model
When the risk gene (gene MAO related to risk behaviour) meets maltreatment, its highly related with bad behaviour and prison
What is … model
as
What is the dunedin study
It looked at self control development on multiple outcomes
It found that self control is a strong predictor of multiple outcomes like income, police encounters and overall success
what are the genetic and enviromental factors for the development of alcohol addiction
50% of genetic factors (personality etc)
50% enviromental factors (social learning etc)
What are the external and internal factors for the development of alcohol addiction
70% externalizing pathway,
30% internalizing factors
how does the age of onset effects development of addiction
-
what effects does interventions have
school based interventions is hardly ever effetive
parent intervention also is also not really effective
but both together show significant effect
what 4 areas does intervention include
- 4.
What is the research by Jim Fallon
He found out that there is certain brain schemes that predict serial killers
He also had these but he had a good childhood
What is resilence
Resilence occurs when children experience positive outcomes desprite from significant risks
What are risks (in development)
Stressors that increase the likelyhood of maladjustment in children
- catastrophic events
- family adversities
- economic conditions
- exposire to negative enviroments
What are protective factors and its biggest 3 areas
anything that reduces the chance for the development of a disorder
- Personal Characteristics (self esteem, inhibition…)
- Family Characterisitcs (attachment style…)
- External support systems (friends, school)
What are vulnerability factors
Character traits of an individual that make it easier or harder to cope with risk factors and be more resistant
How do risk factors change during age
young children are more dependent on their family but may not grasp the concept of war or violence
Older children may get more support from other communites but more influenced by loss
What is parental bereavement
the death of a parent
this can get worse if multiple stressors and risks like new enviroemnt are added
it may still not be (longterm) as bad as parental seperation and divorce
How does divorce influence a child
children growing up in single parent homes are less successfull on average
highest risks come from
- high interparental conflict
- loss of contact
- bad mental health of parents
Most of the children still develop a good resilence
what is the intergenerational cycle of difficulties
The longterm problems that arrise because of a childhood divorce.
The children have more problems later with family members, relations and at the workplace. Also their wellbeing is lower
when do you speak of childhood income poverty
when the family income falls below a level which is necesssary for minimum coverage of basic needs for the child which has negative effects
this is especially bad in early childhood
What are societal mechanisms
Its the larger scale social context like racism or discrimination
It plays a large role in underachievement
what is risk specificy
the assessment of an risk factor, taking into account the specific effect and how well the child dealt with it
What do most models of risk and resilence say
That prevention only has an effect if there is also a risk
There will be no resilence effect if there is no risk, even if there is large prevention
What is deterioration and mobilzation
deterioration is when a risk decreases the ability to funciton
mobolization is when a risk factor actually increases your way of functioning
What are the 3 types of intervention designs
- Risk focused (attempting to reduce risk exposure)
- Asset focused (make childs life better)
- Process oriented (improve adaption system in children
What 4 things did the Moffitt study look at
- Effet self control on later health
- Does improving self control result in better life
- Effect self control on early choices
- Self control predicts adult outcome
what does good self control predict
- substance abuse
- Finance success
- Relationship success
- Crime rate
It predicts even better than social class or IQ
It does not predict depression
