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Developmental Exam 1 > Chapter 2 (Issues in Development) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (Issues in Development) Flashcards

1
Q

what is psychological assesment

A

collection and integration of data of a person to make a diagnosis

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2
Q

what can you do with developmental psychology

A

practicing at health care or schools
researching in applied or theoretical
business in learning programmes and aiding development, also toys

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3
Q

What are internal factors in development

A

genes and stuff

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4
Q

What are external factors in development

A

Enviroment and stuff

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5
Q

whata is a theory

A

its a coherent set of ideas, hypotheses and explanation

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6
Q

What 7 aspects should a theory cover

A 
descriptive
explanatory
predicitve
makes assumptions
reduction of reality
generalizable
testable
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7
Q

When will a theory be replaced

A

a) when it is falsified on the basis of observations

b) or a new theory explains the observations better

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8
Q

how do we test a theory

A

with the empirical cycle (observation, induction, deduction, teseting, evaltaion)

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9
Q

What aspects should a good develomental theory cover

A
  1. it related to development
  2. it focuses on change over time
  3. it explaions the emergence of new properties
  4. it is (preferably) pedagogically useful
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10
Q

What are the 3 dimentsions in developmetnal theories

A
  1. nature/nuture (learning)
  2. continuos/stages (developing)
  3. passive/active (learning)
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11
Q

Explain the 3 scales in nature/nuture dimension

A
  1. Nature (knowledge is innate and only gets expressed more and more)
  2. Middle (both internal and external factors shape development)
  3. Nurture (only learning mechanisms are innate, the rest is determined by enviroment)
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12
Q

Explain the 3 scales in the continous/stages dimension

A
  1. Continuous (gradual, children are not qualitatively different, they just lack experience)
  2. Middle (Development is gradual, but some things temporarely dominate which leads to stages)
  3. Stages (development occurs in transitions, children are different from adults)
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13
Q

Explain the 3 scales in the passive/active dimension

A
  1. Passive (development is automatic)
  2. Middle (some are automatic, others require active role of child)
  3. Active (Child plays active role in development, it constructs its own knowledge)
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14
Q

what is the matural theory of gesell

A
  • it is directed at motor developement
  • it says that there are the same independent - developments happening regardless of enviromental input
  • the maturation of the CNS determines development
  • its dimensions are nature, stages and passive
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15
Q

What is proxidistal trend

A

development happens from the centre of the body to more periphery

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16
Q

what is cehalocaudal trend

A

development happenes from head to body

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17
Q

what is criticism for the maturation gesell

A
  • enviroment can shape motor development (practice) (McGraw)
  • also not all children follow the same pattern
  • differnece in cultures
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18
Q

explain the dynamic systems theory

A
  • development is a complex interaction between properties of the system and enviroment
  • motor development is shaped by
    1. CNS
    2. Motor skills
    3. Enviroment
  • acting in a certain way influences physical properties and also enviroment which then again influences action
  • the dimensions here are both nature and nuture, both constinuous and stages and very active
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19
Q

What are the milestones on psychological assesments

A
  1. Chinese tests fitness for working for the emporer (2200 bc)
  2. Galls phrenology and physiognomy (18th century)
  3. Wundt and others use “brass instruments” to test intelligence (19th century)
  4. First IQ and personality test (20th century)
20
Q

fundamental attirbution bias

A

overestimate personality when own positive development, overestimate situation when not
overestimate personality when others positive development, overestimate situation when not

21
Q

confirmation bias

A

Only searching and finding information that is consistent with current belief

22
Q

Salience effect

A

Giving more weight to striking information than non striking information when drawing conclusions

23
Q

illusory confirmation

A

when a researcher sees links between tests and own conclusion even tho there is no empirical one

24
Q

blind spot bias

A

seeing yourself as not biased even though you are

solution is being aware of this

25
Q

contrast error

A

general tendency to judge others in opposite from the way one percieves themselves

26
Q

What are the most important names in developmental psychology

A 
gall
wundt
galton
cattell
binet, simon
spearman, Thurstone
Rorschach
27
Q

What was the state of developmental psychology before Piaget

A

There were behaviourism and psychoanalysis, which both thought of a child as a very passive participant. It just recieves and learns from things that are brought to them (eg by conditioning)

28
Q

What did Piaget say

A

Children are active agents in development, who are more intrinsically than extrinsically motivated

29
Q

What is accomodation and assimilation according to Piaget

A

When we can categorize experience into schemas and thereby adapting
assimilation is adding to schemas
accommodation is modifying schemas
they are functional invariants

30
Q

What are the 4 stages of Piaget

A
  1. ) sensorimotor stage (2 years): thought is based on perception and action#
  2. ) preoperational stage (7 years): able to solve problems but unable to coordinate aspects of problems into solutions (also egocentrism and animism)#
  3. ) concrete operations stage (11 years): more logical, systematic and rational
  4. ) formal operations stage: abstract thinking
31
Q

explain the development of information processing

A

children process information in bottom up style as infants, and develop more top bottom ways later through experience

32
Q

How is the information processing aproach different and similar to piagets view

A

Both say that new strategies develop on simpler earlier ones and view the child as active participant
ipa sees development in a more continous fashion

33
Q

What did Vygotsky say with social cognitive development

A

That the relationship between children and a more advanced adult is very important

34
Q

What is the zone of proximal development

A

it is the distnace between tasks a child cannot do alone but with an adult (vygotsky)

35
Q

What is the law of effectq

A

the likelyhood of an action occuring more or less based on the outcome

36
Q

what was the early behaviourists view on child development

A

a child is born with all of the mechanisms for conditioning, it is more passive and its development is caused by constant conditioning through conditioning

37
Q

What is the social cognitive thoery

A

that humans can develop themselves cognitively by putting more weight on social factors like life quality

38
Q

What are ethological approaches

A

they emphasize the use of beahviours in evolution like imprinting

39
Q

What is a precocial species and how does the mechanism behind it work

A

its a species that has imprinting, so they follow the first object they see after birth
this can only happen in the critical period

40
Q

when can a beaviour be said to be caused by genes

A

when it promotes survival and
is found in many species

–> it also requires an external stimulus or target to develop inside the critical period

41
Q

what is the attachment theory

A

it says that the need for attachment is a basic drive in animals and humans
monotropy means that the child only has one person with attachment to (eventho they can also have multiple attachment)

42
Q

explain freuds how his psychoanalytic theory works in children

A
  • the id (urges) exists after birth

- the ego and the superego come in more and more

43
Q

what are the 5 spysexual stages of Psychoanalysis

A
  1. Oral Stage
  2. Anal Stage
  3. Phallic stage
  4. Electra complex
  5. Latency and genital stage
44
Q

What are the problems and good things of freuds theory

A

Bad is that you cannot test unconscious processes, especially in children
Still, the fact that early childhood is very imporant for development and that we are driven by unconscious needs is still respected

45
Q

What are the things of maslows hierachy of needs

A
  1. Physiological needs
  2. Safety
  3. Love
  4. Esteem
  5. self-actualization
46
Q

What does the humanistic theory think

A

Humans are own individuals with subjective experiences and needs
A lot of value is put on free will and self actualisation
We are also more driven by outside motivation, not by unconscious processes

47
Q

What are issues in child development reserach

A
  1. Is development result of individual genes or more experience? (nature nuture)
  2. Is the rank and esteem of an individual stable
  3. Is development continuous?

Developmental Exam 1 (18 decks)

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