Chapter 2 (Issues in Development) Flashcards
what is psychological assesment
collection and integration of data of a person to make a diagnosis
what can you do with developmental psychology
practicing at health care or schools
researching in applied or theoretical
business in learning programmes and aiding development, also toys
What are internal factors in development
genes and stuff
What are external factors in development
Enviroment and stuff
whata is a theory
its a coherent set of ideas, hypotheses and explanation
What 7 aspects should a theory cover
descriptive explanatory predicitve makes assumptions reduction of reality generalizable testable
When will a theory be replaced
a) when it is falsified on the basis of observations
b) or a new theory explains the observations better
how do we test a theory
with the empirical cycle (observation, induction, deduction, teseting, evaltaion)
What aspects should a good develomental theory cover
- it related to development
- it focuses on change over time
- it explaions the emergence of new properties
- it is (preferably) pedagogically useful
What are the 3 dimentsions in developmetnal theories
- nature/nuture (learning)
- continuos/stages (developing)
- passive/active (learning)
Explain the 3 scales in nature/nuture dimension
- Nature (knowledge is innate and only gets expressed more and more)
- Middle (both internal and external factors shape development)
- Nurture (only learning mechanisms are innate, the rest is determined by enviroment)
Explain the 3 scales in the continous/stages dimension
- Continuous (gradual, children are not qualitatively different, they just lack experience)
- Middle (Development is gradual, but some things temporarely dominate which leads to stages)
- Stages (development occurs in transitions, children are different from adults)
Explain the 3 scales in the passive/active dimension
- Passive (development is automatic)
- Middle (some are automatic, others require active role of child)
- Active (Child plays active role in development, it constructs its own knowledge)
what is the matural theory of gesell
- it is directed at motor developement
- it says that there are the same independent - developments happening regardless of enviromental input
- the maturation of the CNS determines development
- its dimensions are nature, stages and passive
What is proxidistal trend
development happens from the centre of the body to more periphery
what is cehalocaudal trend
development happenes from head to body
what is criticism for the maturation gesell
- enviroment can shape motor development (practice) (McGraw)
- also not all children follow the same pattern
- differnece in cultures
explain the dynamic systems theory
- development is a complex interaction between properties of the system and enviroment
- motor development is shaped by
1. CNS
2. Motor skills
3. Enviroment - acting in a certain way influences physical properties and also enviroment which then again influences action
- the dimensions here are both nature and nuture, both constinuous and stages and very active
What are the milestones on psychological assesments
- Chinese tests fitness for working for the emporer (2200 bc)
- Galls phrenology and physiognomy (18th century)
- Wundt and others use “brass instruments” to test intelligence (19th century)
- First IQ and personality test (20th century)
fundamental attirbution bias
overestimate personality when own positive development, overestimate situation when not
overestimate personality when others positive development, overestimate situation when not
confirmation bias
Only searching and finding information that is consistent with current belief
Salience effect
Giving more weight to striking information than non striking information when drawing conclusions
illusory confirmation
when a researcher sees links between tests and own conclusion even tho there is no empirical one
blind spot bias
seeing yourself as not biased even though you are
solution is being aware of this
contrast error
general tendency to judge others in opposite from the way one percieves themselves
What are the most important names in developmental psychology
gall wundt galton cattell binet, simon spearman, Thurstone Rorschach
What was the state of developmental psychology before Piaget
There were behaviourism and psychoanalysis, which both thought of a child as a very passive participant. It just recieves and learns from things that are brought to them (eg by conditioning)
What did Piaget say
Children are active agents in development, who are more intrinsically than extrinsically motivated
What is accomodation and assimilation according to Piaget
When we can categorize experience into schemas and thereby adapting
assimilation is adding to schemas
accommodation is modifying schemas
they are functional invariants
What are the 4 stages of Piaget
- ) sensorimotor stage (2 years): thought is based on perception and action#
- ) preoperational stage (7 years): able to solve problems but unable to coordinate aspects of problems into solutions (also egocentrism and animism)#
- ) concrete operations stage (11 years): more logical, systematic and rational
- ) formal operations stage: abstract thinking
explain the development of information processing
children process information in bottom up style as infants, and develop more top bottom ways later through experience
How is the information processing aproach different and similar to piagets view
Both say that new strategies develop on simpler earlier ones and view the child as active participant
ipa sees development in a more continous fashion
What did Vygotsky say with social cognitive development
That the relationship between children and a more advanced adult is very important
What is the zone of proximal development
it is the distnace between tasks a child cannot do alone but with an adult (vygotsky)
What is the law of effectq
the likelyhood of an action occuring more or less based on the outcome
what was the early behaviourists view on child development
a child is born with all of the mechanisms for conditioning, it is more passive and its development is caused by constant conditioning through conditioning
What is the social cognitive thoery
that humans can develop themselves cognitively by putting more weight on social factors like life quality
What are ethological approaches
they emphasize the use of beahviours in evolution like imprinting
What is a precocial species and how does the mechanism behind it work
its a species that has imprinting, so they follow the first object they see after birth
this can only happen in the critical period
when can a beaviour be said to be caused by genes
when it promotes survival and
is found in many species
–> it also requires an external stimulus or target to develop inside the critical period
what is the attachment theory
it says that the need for attachment is a basic drive in animals and humans
monotropy means that the child only has one person with attachment to (eventho they can also have multiple attachment)
explain freuds how his psychoanalytic theory works in children
- the id (urges) exists after birth
- the ego and the superego come in more and more
what are the 5 spysexual stages of Psychoanalysis
- Oral Stage
- Anal Stage
- Phallic stage
- Electra complex
- Latency and genital stage
What are the problems and good things of freuds theory
Bad is that you cannot test unconscious processes, especially in children
Still, the fact that early childhood is very imporant for development and that we are driven by unconscious needs is still respected
What are the things of maslows hierachy of needs
- Physiological needs
- Safety
- Love
- Esteem
- self-actualization
What does the humanistic theory think
Humans are own individuals with subjective experiences and needs
A lot of value is put on free will and self actualisation
We are also more driven by outside motivation, not by unconscious processes
What are issues in child development reserach
- Is development result of individual genes or more experience? (nature nuture)
- Is the rank and esteem of an individual stable
- Is development continuous?
