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Biology XI > Chapter 9: Biomolecules > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Biomolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

All the carbon compounds that we get from living tissues can be called _______________

A

Biomolecules

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2
Q

Inorganic constituents present in living tissues are :-

A

Sodium (Na+
Potassium (K+
Calcium (Ca++
Magmesium (Mg++
Water (H2O
Compounds (NaCl,CaCo3,PO43-,SO42-)

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3
Q

Amino acids are organic compounds containing an amino group and an acidic group as substituents on the same carbon i.e the ____________

A

α-Carbon (Alpha carbon)

Hence, they are called α-amino acids

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4
Q

There are Four substituent groups occupying the four valency position. these are Hydrogen , carboxyl group , amino group and a variable group designated as _________ in amino acids

A

R -group

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5
Q

How may types of Amino acids which occur in Proteins

A

20 types

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6
Q

The R group in proteinaceous amino acids could be a
Hydrogen in ________________
A methyl group in ___________
Hydroxy methyl in ___________

A

Glycine
Alanine
Serine

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7
Q

Based on Number of amino and Carboxyl groups

there are acidic ______
Basic__________
and neutral _________ amino acids

A

Glutamic Acid
Lysine
Valine

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8
Q

There are 3 Aromatic(Ring) amino acids are:- _____ , ________ and __________

A

Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan

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9
Q

_________ is normally described as an ion containing two functional groups where the net formal charge of the molecule is zero.

A

Zwitterionic Form

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10
Q

Lipids are generally water ________________

A

Insoluble

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11
Q

A Fatty acid has a _________ group attached to an R group. The R group could be a methyl or ethyl or higher number of CH2 groups (1 carbon to 19 carbons)

A

Carboxyl group

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12
Q

Palmitic Acid has _____ carbons including the Carboxyl Carbon

A

16

CH3-(CH2)14-COOH

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13
Q

Arachidonic acid has ______ carbon atoms including the carboxyl Carbon

A

20

C20H32O2

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14
Q

Fatty acid could be __________(without double bond) and ___________(with one or more C=C double bonds)

A

Saturated

unsaturated

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15
Q

Another simple lipid is ___________ whose chemical name is trihydroxy propane

A

Glycerol

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16
Q

The Fatty acids are found esterified with _________ and then, they can be
Monoglycerides
diglycerides
Triglycerides

A

Glycerol

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17
Q

Some Lipids have phosphorus and a Phosphorylated organic compound in them. These are _______________

A

Phospholipids

(they are found in Cell membrane)
ex:- Lecithin

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18
Q

In Living organisms two types of Nitrogen Base are found :- _______ and __________

A

Purine
two carbon nitrogen ring fused together
Contain four nitrogen atoms in their structure
Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

Pyrimidine
Contain a single carbon-nitrogen ring
Contain two nitrogen atoms in their structure
Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), and Uracil (U)

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19
Q

When nitrogen base attached to a sugar they are called ____________, If phosphate group also found esterified to the sugar they are called __________

A

Nucleosides
Adnosine
guanosine
cytidine
thymidine
uridine

Nucleotides
Adenylic acid
guanylic acid
cytidylic acid
thymidylic acid
uridylic acid

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20
Q

Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA consist of __________ only

A

Nucleotides

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21
Q

__________ Metabolites are a type of metabolite that is closely engaged in the growth, development, and reproduction of an organism.

A

Primary

eg:- Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins

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22
Q

_____________ Metabolites are compounds that are not directly engaged in normal growth and development but do have some ecological functions within the body.

A

Secondary

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23
Q

compounds found in the acid soluble pool, the molecular weights ranging from ______ to _____ dalton (Da) approximately

A

18
800

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24
Q

Chemical compounds which have molecular weights less than One Thousand dalton are usually referred to as ___________

A

Micromolecules or simply Biomolecules

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25
Q

Chemical compounds which are found in the acid insoluble fraction are called ______________

A

Macromolecules or Biomarcromolecules

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26
Q

The acid insoluble fraction, has only four types of organic compounds i.e protein, nucleic acids, Polysaccharides and ___________ .these classes of compounds have molecular weights in the range of Ten thousand daltons and above except _____________

A

Lipids

Lipids (Molecular weight do not exceed 800 Da(Dalton)

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27
Q

Average composition of cells where
Water
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acid
Ions

percentage of the total cellular mass

A

Water 70-90%
Proteins 10-15%
Carbohydrates 3%
Lipids 2%
Nucleic acid 5-7%
Ions 1%

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28
Q

Proteins are Polypeptides, they are linear chains of Amino acids linked by ______________

A

Peptide Bonds

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29
Q

Protein is a Polymer of ___________ , Protein is a Heteropolymer and not a homopolymer

A

Amino acids

hint:- A homopolymer has only one type of monomer repeating ‘n’ number of times.

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30
Q

There are _________ types of amino acids

A

20

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31
Q

Dietary Proteins are the source of _______________ amino acids

A

Essential

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32
Q

Some proteins which our body can make is known as ___________

A

Non essential

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33
Q

____________ is the most abundant protein in Animal world and ____________ is the most abundant protein in the whole of the Biosphere

A

Collagen

Ribulose bisphosphate Carboxylase-Oxygenase (RuBisCO)

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34
Q

describe the function of following protein (Don’t forget these are Protein):-

Collagen
Trypsin
Insulin
Antibody
Receptor
GLUT-4

A

Collagen - Intercellular ground substance
Trypsin - Enzyme
Insulin - Hormone
Antibody - Fights infectious Agent
Receptor - Sensory reception (smell, taste, hormone)
GLUT-4 - Enable Glucose transport into cells)

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35
Q

Polysaccharides (Carbohydrates) are long chains of ____________

A

Sugar

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36
Q

Cellulose is a polymeric polysaccharide consisting of only one type of Monosaccharides(simple sugar) i.e- _______________

A

Glucose (C6H12O6)

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37
Q

Cellulose is a ___________ of glucose units linked together by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds, cellulose found in cell wall

A

Homopolymer

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38
Q

Starch is a variant of glucose present as a store house of energy in __________ tissue. α-1,4-glycosidic bonds

A

Plant tissue

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39
Q

Animals have another variant of glucose called _____________

A

Glycogen

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40
Q

Inulin is a polymer of ____________

A

Fructose

41
Q

In a polysaccharide chain (Glycogen), the right end is called ___________ and the left end is called the _____________

A

Reducing end

Non- Reducing end

42
Q

starch forms __________ secondary structure, starch can hold _____ molecules in the helical portion. The ________ is blue in colour

A

Helical

I2

Starch - I2

43
Q

Cellulose does not contain complex helices and hence cannot hold ________

A

I2

44
Q

Plant Cell wall is made up of _______

A

Cellulose

45
Q

Paper made from plant pulp and Cotton fibre is ____________

A

Cellulose

46
Q

Exoskeletons of arthropods, have a complex Polysaccharide called ___________

A

Chitin

These complex polysaccharides are mostly Homopolymer

47
Q

For nucleic acids, the building block is a ____________

A

Nucleotide

48
Q

A nucleotide has three chemically distinct components are
Heterocyclic __________ base
second is a ___________ sugar
third is ________ acid

A

Heterocyclic nitrogenous base

Monosaccharide

Phosphoric acid or Phosphate

49
Q

The Heterocyclic compounds in Nucleic acids are the ____________-

A

Nitrogenous Bases

Adenine
guanine

cytosine
thymine
uracil

50
Q

Adenine and Guanine are substituted __________ while the rest are substituted Pyrimidines

A

Purines

51
Q

The Sugar found in polynucleotides is either __________(a monosaccharide Pentose or ____________

A

Ribose

2’ deoxyribose

52
Q

A Nucleic acid containing Deoxyribose is called _______________ while that which contains Ribose is called _______________

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

53
Q

The Sequence of amino acids i.e., the positional information in a protein -Which is the first amino acid, which is second, and so on - is called the ___________ structure

A

Primary Structure

54
Q

A protein is imagined as a line (Primary structure) the left end represent by ________ amino acid and the right end represented by the ___________ amino acid

A

First (left)

Last (Right)

55
Q

The first amino acid is also called as _______ amino acid

A

N-terminal amino acid

56
Q

The last amino acid is called the _______

A

C-terminal amino acid

57
Q

In Protein, only ________ handed helices are observed

A

Right

58
Q

Regions of the protein thread are folded into other forms in what is called the ____________structure

A

Secondary

59
Q

The long protein chain is also folded upon itself like a hollow woolen ball, gives rise to the _____________ structure, This gives us a **3- dimensional* view of protein

A

Tertiary structure

60
Q

Some proteins are an assembly of more than on Polypeptide or subunits , the manner in which these individual folded polypeptides or subunits are arranged with respect to each other is called __________ structure

A

Quaternary Structure

61
Q

Adult human haemoglobin consists of 4 subunits, two of these are identical to each other . two subunits of α-type and two subunit of ß-type together constitute the human haemoglobin (Hb) is example of _________structure.

A

Quaternary Structure

62
Q

Almost all enzymes are ___________

A

Protein

63
Q

There are some nucleic acid that behave like enzymes, these are called ____________

A

Ribozymes

64
Q

The backbone of the protein(enzyme) chain folds upon itself, the chain criss-crosses itself and hence many crevices or pockets are made. One such pocket is the ___________

A

Active site

65
Q

Enzymes, through their Active site catalyze reactions at __________rate

A

High

66
Q

Enzymes get damaged at high temperatures say above __________ oC

A

40o C

67
Q

Enzymes isolated from organisms who normally live under extremely high temperatures (e.g hot vents and Sulphur springs) are stable and retain their catalytic power even at high Temperature upto __________ oC

A

80o - 90o C

68
Q

Chemical compound change in shape without breaking of Bonds are called ___________ when bonds are broken and the new bonds are formed during transformation, this is called ___________

A

Physical process or physical change

Chemical Reactions

69
Q

Rate of physical or chemical process refers to the amount of ________per unit time

A

Product formed

rate=P/T

rate can also be called velocity if the direction is specified

70
Q

Rate of chemical and physical process are influenced by temperature , A general rule of thumb is that rate doubles or decreases by half for every ______oC change in either direction

A

10o C

71
Q

In absence of any enzyme reaction is very slow, about 200 molecules of H2CO3 Carbonic Acid being formed in an hour (in cell using carbon dioxide + water) by using enzyme present within the cytoplasm called ___________ the reaction speeds dramatically with about 600000 molecules formed every Second

The enzyme has accelerated the reaction rate by about 10 million times

A

Carbonic Anhydrase

72
Q

A multistep chemical reaction, when each of the steps is catalysed by the same enzyme complex or different enzymes, is called ___________

A

Metabolic Pathway

Glucose -> 2 Pyruvic acid (C3H4O3)

73
Q

In our skeletal muscle, under anaerobic condition _________ is formed.
under normal Aerobic condition _____________ is formed.

In yeast, during fermentation, the same pathway leads to the production of __________

A

Lactic acid

Pyruvic Acid

Ethanol (Alcohol)

74
Q

The chemical which is converted into a product is called _______

A

Substrate

75
Q

Enzymes i.e. protein with three dimensional structures including an ‘active site’ , convert a Substrate (S) in a ___________

A

Product

76
Q

The substrate ‘S’ has to bind the enzyme at its _________within a given cleft or pocket

A

Active site

77
Q

The structure of substrate gets transformed into the structure of Product. The pathway of this transformation must go through the so-called ___________

A

Transition state structure

78
Q

There could be many more ‘Altered structural states’ between the stable substrate and the __________________

A

Product

79
Q

The energy that is needed to get a reaction started is called ____________

A

Activation energy

80
Q

whether it is an exothermic or spontaneous reaction or an endothermic or energy requiring reaction. the Substrate has to go through a much higher energy state or _______________ . The difference in average energy content of Substrate from that of this transition state is called _____________

A

Transition state

Activation energy

81
Q

If Product is at a lower level than Substrate the reaction is an ___________

A

Exothermic Reaction

82
Q

If product is at higher level than Substrate the reaction is an _____________

A

endothermic reaction

83
Q

E + S ES ————>EP————E + P

what is
E + S , ES , EP and E + P

in enzyme action

A

E + S– (Substrate binds to enzyme at active site)
ES –(Enzyme-substrate complex)
EP –(Enzyme-product complex)
E + P–(enzyme releases the product)

84
Q

Each Enzyme shows its highest activity at a particular Temperature and pH called the ___________ and ____________

A

Optimum Temperature

Optimum pH

85
Q

Below and Above optimum value enzyme Activity ___________

A

Declines(decrease)

86
Q

In _________ temperature the enzyme gets temporarily in Inactive State

A

Low (Preserves there structure)

87
Q

High Temperature destroys enzymatic activity because ___________ are denatured by heat

A

Proteins

88
Q

With the increase in substrate concentration, the velocity of the enzymatic reaction___________ at first reaches max velocity (Vmax), then no further rise because the enzyme molecules are fewer than the substrate molecules

A

Rises

89
Q

The activity of an enzyme is also sensitive to the presence of specific chemicals that bind to the enzyme, When the binding of the chemical shuts off enzyme activity , the process is called ____________ and the chemical is called __________

A

Inhibition

Inhibitor

90
Q

When the inhibitor closely resembles the substrate in its molecular structure and inhibits the activity of the enzyme , It is known as ______________

A

Competitive inhibitor

91
Q

Inhibition of Succinic dehydrogenase( Enzyme) by ___________ which closely resembles the Substrate ____________ in structure. Such competitive inhibitors are often used in the Control of Bacterial pathogens

A

Malonate

Succinate

92
Q

Enzymes are divided into ____________ classes each with 4-13 subclasses and named accordingly,

A

6 - classes

93
Q

What are the function of these enzymes

Oxidoreductases/dehydrogenases
Transferases
hydrolases
lyases
Isomerases
Ligases

A

Oxidoreductases/dehydrogenases-Enzymes which catalyse oxidoreduction between two substrates

Transferases- Enzymes catalysing a transfer of group (other than hydrogen) between two substrate

hydrolases- Enzyme catalysing hydrolysis of ester,ether, peptide, glycosidic, P-N bonds

lyases- Removal of groups from substrates by mechanisms other than hydrolysis leaving double bonds

Isomerases- enzymes catalyzing inter-conversion of optical, geometrical or position isomers.

Ligases-Enzymes catalysing the linking together of 2 compounds
which catalyse joining of C-O,C-S,C-N

94
Q

Enzymes are composed of one or several polypeptide chains, there are a number of cases in which non-Protein constituents called ___________ are bound to the enzyme to make the enzyme catalytically active. In these enzymes the Protein portion of the enzymes is called the ____________

A

Co-factors

Apoenzymes

95
Q

Three kinds of Co-factors are identified:
Prosthetic groups, Co-enzymes and _____________

A

Metal ions

96
Q

Prosthetic groups are organic compounds and are distinguished from other cofactors in that they are tightly bound to the ____________

A

Apoenzyme

eg- peroxidase and catalase

97
Q

_________________ are also organic compounds but their association with the apoenzyme is only transient

A

Co - Enzymes

The essential chemical components of many co-enzymes are Vitamins

eg:- coenzyme nicotinamide adnine dinucleotide (NAD) and NADP contain the vitamin Niacin

98
Q

A number of enzymes require metal ions for their activity which form _______________ bonds with side chains at the active site and at the same time form one or more __________ bonds with the substrate

A

coordination

Zinc is a cofactor for the Proteolytic Enzyme Carboxypeptidase

Biology XI (19 decks)

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