Chapter 2: Biological Classification Flashcards by Ashworks .

What is Prokaryotic Cells

Any unicellular organism that does not contain a membrane bound nucleus or organelles

ex:- Bacteria

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What is Eukaryotic Cells

Any cell that contains a clearly defined nucleus and membrane bound Organelles

ex:- plant ,animal , fungi and protist cells

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Two Kingdom system of classification with Plantae and Animalia was developed by _______

Linnaeus

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Five Kingdom Classification is proposed by scientist ____________

R. H Whittaker (1969)

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Five Kingdom Classification consist of _______

Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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Kingdom Monera (Prokaryotic) the Cell Wall is present and is made of

Noncellulosic

(Polysaccharide + Amino acid)

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Kingdom Fungi the Cell wall is present and is made of _____

Chitin

distinctive feature of Fungi

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Kingdom Plantae the Cell wall is present and is made up of

Cellulose

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Kingdom Animalia the Cell wall is _________

Absent

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All prokaryotic organisms were grouped together under Kingdom ______

Monera

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All unicellular Eukaryotic organisms were placed in Kingdom

Protista

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Chlamydomonas, Chlorella (earlier placed in Algae within Plants and both having cell walls)

Paramoecium and Amoeba (Which were earlier placed in animal kingdom which lack cell wall)

are brought together in Kingdom________

Protista

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All the Bacteria belongs to kingdom ____________

Monera

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Organisms which live in or On other organisms are called

Parasites

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Bacteria four categories based on their shape is

Spherical (Coccus)
Rod shaped (Bacillus)
Comma shaped (Vibrium)
Spiral (Spirillum)

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Bacteria categories on basis of metabolic activities are

Autotrophic- Synthesise their own food from inorganic substance

Chemosynthetic autotrophic- mostly Photosynthetic autotrophic

Heterotrophs - They depend on other organisms or on dead organic matter for food

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____________ are known to be the oldest living organisms on earth.

Archaebacteria

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based of habitat
Bacteria found in extreme salty areas are called__________
Bacteria found in hot springs are called __________
Bacteria found in Marshy areas are called ___________

Halophiles
Thermoacidophiles
Methanogens

Methanogens are present in the gut of several ruminant animals such as cow and buffaloes and they are responsible for the production of methane (biogas) from the dung of these animals.

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Eubacteria is also known as

True Bacteria

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Eubacteria characterised by the presence of a rigid cell wall, and if motile , a __________

Flagellum

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Which bacteria is also known as Blue-green algae have chrophyll a similar to green plants and are photosynthetic autotrophs

Cyanobacteria

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The Cyanobacteria colonies are generally surrounded by ____

Gelatinous sheath

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Some of the cyanobacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen in Specialised cells called ____________

Heterocysts

found in

Nostoc
Anabaena

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_______________ bacteria oxidise various inorganic substances such as Nitrates , nitrites and ammonia and use the released energy for their ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) production

Chemosynthetic autotrophic

role in recycling nutrients like
Nitrogen
phosphorous
iron
sulphur

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**Heterotrophic Bacteria** , majority are important _____________

**Decomposers** Helpful in making **curd** from milk production of **antibiotics** fixing nitrogen in **legume roots**

Bacteria reproduce mainly by __________ under unfavorable conditions they produce _______ They also reproduce by sexual reproduction by adopting a primitive type of DNA transfer

**Fission** **Spores**

__________ are organisms that completely lack a **cell wall** and are the smallest **living cells** known and can survive without oxygen

**Mycoplasma**

All **single**-celled **eukaryotes** are placed under kingdom __________

**Protista**

Name some groups belongs to kingdom **Protista**

**C**hrysophytes (mostly photosynthetic) **D**inoflagellates (rapid growth make ,sea appear red (red tides) **E**uglenoids (instead of **cell wall** protein rich layer **Pellicle**) **S**lime moulds (Saprophytic protists) **P**rotozoans (heterotrophs , predators or parasites)

Protists reproduce **Asexually** and **Sexually** by a process involving

**Cell Fusion** **Zygote formation**

**Diatoms** and **Golden Algae(Desmids)** includes in which group of **Protista**

**Chrysophytes**

**Diatoms** have left behind large amount of cell wall deposits in their **Habitat**, this accumulation over Billions of years is reffered to as _____________

**Diatomaceous earth**

____________ are the chief *'producers'* in the oceans

**Diatoms**

____________ undergo such rapid multiplication that they make the sea appear **red(red tides)**. **Toxin** released by such large numbers may even kill other marine animals such as **Fishes**

**Ganyaulax**

_____________ group of **Protista**, most of them have **two** *Flagella* , one lies logitudinally and other transversely in a furrow between the wall plates

**Dianoflagellates** eg- **Gonyaulax**

**Euglenoids**, another group of **Protista** , instead of **Cell Wall** a Protein rich layer Called __________ which makes their body flexible

**Pellicle**

**Euglenoids** have two Flagella, a short and a long one, example of animal belongs to this group is ______________

**Euglena**

___________ another group of **Protista** which are **Saprophytic Protists**

**Slime Moulds**

under suitable conditions, **Slime Moulds** form an aggregation called ___________ which may grow and spread over several feet, During unfavorable conditions, the **Plasmodium** differentiates and forms **Fruiting Bodies** bearing spores at their tips

**Plasmodium**

______ are the last group of **Protista** all are heterotrophs and live as predators or **parasite**

**Protozoans**

**Four** major groups of protozoans are

**A**moeboid Protozoans **F**lagellated Protozoans **C**iliated Protozoans **S**porozoans

**amoeboid Protozoans** capture their prey by putting out ________________ as in **Amoeba**

**Pseudopodia (False feet)**

**Amoeboid protozoa** which is parasitic in nature is

**Entamoeba**

**Flagellated Protozoans** another group of Protozoans , they have flagella , The parasitic forms cause diaseases such as **Sleeping sickness** , organism name is ___________

**Trypanosoma** The parasitic forms cause **Speeping sickness**

**Ciliated Protozoans** another group of Protozoans , they have thousand of cilia , which helps is moving , organism belongs to this group is __________

**Paramoecium**

**Sporozoans** last group of protozoans includes diverse organisms that have an infectious spore-like stage in their life cycle **Malarial Parasite** belong to this croup namely

**Plasmodium**

**White spot** seen on **mustard leaves** are due to a ___________

**Parasitic fungus** | Albugo (fungus name)

Unicellular Fungi ex - **Yeast** are use to make __________

**Bread** and **Beer**

**Wheat Rust** Caused by **Fungus** Named

**Puccinia**

**Antibiotic** source of fungus is _________

**Penicillium**

Fungus Bodies consist of Long, selender thread like structure called ________

**Hyphae**

The Network of **Hyphae** is known as ______

**Mycelium**

Some **Hyphae** are continuous tubes filled with **multinucleated** cytoplasm - these are called __________

**Coenocytic Hyphae**

**Cell wall** of Fungi are composed of ___________ and __________

**Chitin** **Polysaccharides**

Most fungi are heterotrophic and absorb soluble organic matter from dead substance and hence are called ____________

**Saprophytes**

Fungi that depend on living plants and animals are called __________

**Parasite**

Fungi can also live as **Symbionts**, in association with **Algae** as ____________ and with roots of higher plants as ______________

**Lichens** **Mycorrhiza**

Reproduction in fungi takes place by **vegetative** means are ________ , ________ and ______________ **asexual** reproduction is by spores called __________ or ___________ or __________ **Sexual** reproduction is by ________ , _________ and __________

**Fragmentation** **Fission** **Budding** *Conidia* *Sporangiospores* *Zoospores* ***Oospores*** ***Ascospores** ***Basidospores***

**Sexual cycle** involves three steps in fungi

**Plasmogamy** (fusion of protoplasm) **Karyogamy** (fusion of two nuclei) **Meiosis** in zygote resulting in **haploid** Spore

The morphology of mycelium mode of spore formation and fruiting bodies form the basis of fungi kingdom divides into various classes name as

**P**hycomycetes **A**scomycetes (***Sac- Fungi***) **B**asidiomycetes (**Mushrooms,Bracket fungi or puffballs**) **D**euteromycetes (**imperfect fungi**)- only asexual or vegetative phase

Fungi which are found in Aquatic habitats and on **decaying wood** in **moist** and **damp** places or as obligate parasite on plants are ________________

**Phycomycetes**

Common examples of ***Phycomycetes*** are

**Mucor** **Rhizopus** (The bread Mould) **Albugo** (The parasitic fungi on mustard)

_____________ is also know as **Sac -Fungi**

**Ascomycetes**

Common examples of Ascomycetes(**Sac-Fungi**) are

1. **Penicillium** 2. **Yeast** (Rarely unicellular) (Scientific name -***Saccharomyces*** 3. **Aspergillus** 4. **Claviceps** 5. **Neurospora** (is used extensively in biochemical and genetic work)

Commonly know form _________________ are mushrooms, bracket fungi or puffball

**Basidiomycetes**

Examples of **Basidiomycetes** are

1. **Ustilago**(smut) 2. **Puccinia** (rust fungus) 3. **Agaricus** (Mushroom)

______________ commonly known as **Imperfect** fungi because only the asexual or vegetative phase of these fungus are known.

**Deuteromycetes**

Deuteromycetes reproduce only by asexual spores known as ________

**Conidia**

Some examples of Deuteromycetes are

1. **Alternaria** 2. **Colletotrichum** 3. **Trichoderma**

_____________ and _______________ are example of **insectivorous plants** and ___________ is a **parasite**

**Bladderwort** and **Venus fly trap** **Cuscuta**

Life cycle of plants has two distinct phases

**Diploid Sporophytic** **Haploid Gametophytic**

The alteration of plant life cycle of two phase, haploid and diploid , this phenomena is called ______________

**Alteration of Generation**

Kingdom **Animalia** is characterised by heterotrophic eukaryotics organisms that are multicellular and their cells lack _____________

**Cell Wall**

Animals store food reserves as _____________

**Glycogen** or **Fat**

In the 5 kingdom classification of **Whittaker** there is no mention of **lichen** and some **acellular** organisms like _____________

1. ***Viruses*** 2. ***Viroids*** 3. ***Prions***

**Viruses** did not find a place in classification since they are not considered as ____________

**Truly 'Living'**

Virus means **Venom** or ______________ , **Dmitri Ivanowsky** (1892) recognised certain microbes as causal organism of the **"mosaic disease of tobacco"**

**Poisonous fluid**

Scientist who named the new pathogen as **Virus** and the fluid as ***contagium vivum fluidum*** (infectious living fluid) is ____________

**M .W Beijerinek (1898)**

Crystalline structure of virus is given by______________

**W.M Stanley (1935)**

In addition to protein, viruses also contain genetic material, that could be either ______________ or ______________

**RNA** or **DNA** *No virus contains **both***

Virus that infect **plants** have ______________

**Single stranded RNA**

**Virus** that infect **Animals** have either _______________ or ______________

**Single** or **double stranded RNA** **Double stranded DNA**

**Bacterial Virus** or ___________________ (virus that infect the bacteria) are usually ___________ stranded DNA

**Bacteriophage** **Double**

The Protein coat called ___________ made of small subunits called **Capsomeres** , Protects the nucleic acid

**Capsid**

**Mumps , small pox, herps, influenza and AIDS** are caused by

**Viruses**

An infectious agent that is smaller than **Virus**, found to be a **free RNA** , it lack the protein coat that is found in viruses are called ______________

**Viroids**

Who discovered **Viroids**

**T . O Diener** (1971)

**Potato spindle tuber disease** is caused by ___________

**Viroids**

An infectious agent composed of only protiens are called

**Prions** (Abnormally folded infectious protein)

**Mad cow disease** in cattle (bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) its analogy variant in human Cr-Jacob disease (CJD) is caused by ____

**Prions** (Abnormally folded infectious protein)

**Symbiotic Association** means

**Mutually useful association** (Which benefit Both)

**Lichens** are symbiotic association between

**Algae and Fungi** Algal component **Phycobiont** *(autotrophic- prepare food for fungus)* Fungal component **Mycobiont** *(provide shelter and absorb mineral nutrients and water for its partner)*.

_________________ is a good pollution indicators, they do not grow in polluted areas

**Lichens**