Chapter 17: Locomotion and Movement

Question 1

Streaming of protoplasm in the unicellular organisms like __________ is a simple form of movement

Answer 1

Amoeba

Question 2

Some of the movement result in a change of place or location, Such Voluntary movements are called _______________

Answer 2

Locomotion

Question 3

In Paramoecium, ___________ helps in the movement of food through cytopharynx and in locomotion as well

Answer 3

cilia

Question 4

Hydra can use its tentacles for capturing its prey and also use them for _______________

Answer 4

Locomotion

Question 5

All locomotions are ______________ but all **movements are not Locomotions

Answer 5

Movements

Question 6

Cells of the human body exibits three types of movements, namely
1._____________
2._____________
3._____________

Answer 6

1. Amoeboid
2. Ciliary
3. Muscular

Question 7

Some specialised cells in our body like _____________ and ________________ in Blood exhibit amoeboid movement.

Answer 7

Macrophage
Leucocytes

Question 8

Cytoskeletal elements like _______________are also involved in amoeboid movement

Answer 8

microfilament

Question 9

Ciliary movement occurs in most of our internal tubular organs which are lined by ________________

Answer 9

Ciliated epithelium

Question 10

The coordinated movements of _________ in the trachea help us in removing dust particles and some of the foreign substances inhaled alongwith the atmospheric air

Answer 10

Cilia

Question 11

Passage of ova through the female reproductive tract is also facilitated by the ____________ movement

Answer 11

Ciliary

Question 12

Locomotion required a perfect coordinated activity of _________ , __________ and ______________ system

Answer 12

muscular
skeletal
neural

Question 13

__________ movement helps in the swimming of spermatozoa, maintenance of water current in the canal system of sponges and in locomotion of Protozoans like *Euglena

Answer 13

Flagellar movement

Question 14

Muscle is a specialised tissue of _____________ origin. About 40-50 percent of the body weight of human adult is contributed by muscles

Answer 14

Mesodermal origin

Question 15

Muscles have special properties like
excitability
contractility
extensibility and
_______________

Answer 15

Elasticity

Question 16

Based on the location there are three types of muscles
1.____________
2.____________
3.____________

Answer 16

1. Skeletal
2. Visceral
3. Cardiac

Question 17

___________ muscles are closely associated with the skeletal components of the body. They have a striped appearance under the microscope and hence are called __________ muscles

Answer 17

Skeletal muscles

Striated muscles

note:- Their activities are under the **voluntary control of the nervous system, they are known as Voluntary muscles too. They are primarily involved in locomotory actions and changes of body postures.

Question 18

___________ muscles are located in the inner walls of hollow visceral organs of the body like the alimentary canal, reproductive tract. They do not exhibit any striation and are smooth in appearance. Hence, they are called smooth muscles (nonstriated muscle)

Answer 18

Visceral muscles

note:- their activities are not under the voluntary control of the nervous system and are therefore known as Involuntary muscles

ex- transportation of food through the digestive tract and gametes through the genital tract.

Question 19

__________ muscles are the muscles of heart.many cardiac muscle cells assemble in a branching pattern, based on appearance, these muscles are striated.

Answer 19

Cardiac

Question 20

Each skeletal muscle in our body is made of a number of muscle bundles or ____________ held together by a common collagenous connective tissue layer called ____________.Each muscle bundle (fascicles) contains a number of muscles fibers

Answer 20

fascicles

fascia

Question 21

Muscle fiber is lined by the plasma membrane called __________sarcoplasm

Answer 21

Sarcolemma

Question 22

Muscle fiber is a _____________ as the sarcoplasm contains many nuclei.

Answer 22

syncitium

Question 23

The endoplasmic reticulum i.e., sarcoplasmic reticulum of the muscle fibers is the store house of ___________ ions.

Answer 23

Calcium

Question 24

A characteristic feature of the muscle fibers is the presence of a large number of parallelly arranged filaments in the sarcoplasm called myofilaments or _________________

Answer 24

myofibrils

Question 25

A detailed study of the myofibril has established that the striated appearance is due to the distribution pattern of two important proteins ___________ and ___________

Answer 25

**Actin** **myosin**

Question 26

The **light bands** contains **Actin** and is called **I-band** or _________ band, whereas the **dark band** called **'A' band** or __________ band contains **Myosin**

Answer 26

**Isotropic band** (due to actin) **Anisotropic band** (due to myosin)

Question 27

**Actin** filaments are ___________ as compared to the **myosin** filaments, hence are commonly called ______ and __________ filaments respectively

Answer 27

**Thinner** **thin** (actin) **thick**(myosin)

Question 28

In the centre of each **'I' band** is an **elastic fiber** called _______ line which bisects it.

Answer 28

**'Z' line**

Question 29

The **thin filaments**(actin) is firmly attached to the ____________

Answer 29

**'Z' line**

Question 30

The thick filaments (myosin) in the **'A' band** are also held together in the middle of this band by a **thin fibrous membrane** called _________ line

Answer 30

**'M' line**

Question 31

The portion of the myofibril between two successive __________ lines is considered as the **functional unit of contraction** and is called **sarcomere**

Answer 31

**'Z' lines**

Question 32

The central part of **thick filament**, ***not overlapped*** by **thin filaments** is called the _______ zone

Answer 32

**'H' zone**

Question 33

Each **actin filament** is made of two **'F'**(filamentous) actins helically wound to each other. Each **'F'** actin is a polymer of **monomeric** ___________ actins. two **filaments** of another **protein**, ________________ also run close to the **'F'** actins throughout its length.

Answer 33

**'G'** actins **tropomyosin**

Question 34

A complex protein _____________ is distributed at regular intervals on the **tropomyosin**.

Answer 34

**Troponin**

Question 35

Each **myosin**(thick) filament is also a polymerised __________. Many monomeric proteins called _____________ constitute **one** thick filament.

Answer 35

**Protein** **Meromyosins**

Question 36

**Contraction** of a muscle fiber takes place by the sliding of the **thin filaments** over the __________ filaments

Answer 36

**Thick filaments**

Question 37

**Muscle contraction** is initiated by a signal sent by the **central nervous system (CNS)** via a ____________ neuron.

Answer 37

**Motor neuron**

Question 38

A **motor neuron** alongwith the **muscle fibers** connected to it constitute a _____________ unit

Answer 38

**Motor unit**

Question 39

The junction between **motor neuron** and the **sarcolemma of the muscle fiber** is called the _____________ junction or **motor-end plate**

Answer 39

**neuromuscular junction** also known as **motor -end plate**

Question 40

A neural signal reaching **neuromuscular junction** releases a **neurotransmitter** _______________ which generates an action potential in the **sarcolemma**

Answer 40

**Acetyl choline** (neurotransmitter)

Question 41

Increase in **Ca⁺⁺** level leads to the binding of **calcium** with a subunit of ___________ on actin filaments and thereby remove the masking of active sites for **myosin**

Answer 41

**troponin**

Question 42

During shortening of the muscle, i.e., **contraction**, the **'I' bands** get **reduced**, whereas the ________ bands retain the length.

Answer 42

**'A' bands**

Question 43

The return of **'Z' line** back to their original position is called __________

Answer 43

**relaxation**

Question 44

Repeated activation of the muscles can lead to the accumulation of __________ due to **anaerobic breakdown** of **glycogen** in them, cause **fatigue**

Answer 44

**lactic acid**

Question 45

**Muscles** contains a **red** coloured **oxygen** storing **pigment** called __________, when it is high in some of the muscles which gives a reddish appearance. Such muscles are called the **Red fibers**(aerobic muscles)

Answer 45

**Myoglobin** note:- These muscles also contain plenty of **mitochondria** which can utilise the large amount of oxygen stored in them for **ATP production** therefore these muscles also be called **aerobic muscles**

Question 46

Some of the muscles possess very less quantity of **myoglobin** and therefore, appear **pale** or **whitish**. These are called ____________

Answer 46

**White fibers** Note:- **less mitochondria** in white fibers but **sarcoplasmic reticulum** is **high**. it depend on **anaerobic** process of energy

Question 47

**Bone** and **cartilage** are specialised ____________ tissue

Answer 47

**connective tissue**

Question 48

**Bone** has a very hard matrix due ___________ salts in it, and **cartilage** has slightly pliable matrix due to _____________ salts.

Answer 48

**Calcium salts** **Chondroitin salts**

Question 49

In **human beings**, the **skeletal system** is made up of _________ bones and a few **cartilages**

Answer 49

**206**

Question 51

**Axial skeleton** comprises ______ bones distributed along the main axis of the body and it consist 1. **The skull** 2. **vertebral column** 3. **sternum** 4. ___________

Answer 51

**80** **Ribs**

Question 52

**The skull** is composed of two sets of bones - **Cranial** and __________, that totals to ________ bones.

Answer 52

**facial** **22**

Question 53

**Cranial bones** are _________ in numbers. They form the hard protective outer covering, **cranium** for the brain.

Answer 53

**8**

Question 54

The facial region is made up of _________ skeletal bones which form the **front** part of the skull.

Answer 54

**14**

Question 55

A single **U-shaped** bone called ________ is present at eh base of the buccal cavity and it is also included in the **skull**.

Answer 55

**Hyoid**

Question 56

Each middle ear contains three tiny bones - **M**alleus, **I**ncus and __________, collectively called **Ear Ossicles**

Answer 56

**S**tapes

Question 58

Our **vertebral column** is formed by _____ serially arranged units called **vertebrae** and is dorsally placed.

Answer 58

**26**

Question 59

**First** vertebra is the __________ and it articulates with the **occipital condyles**.

Answer 59

**atlas**

Question 60

The **vertebral column** is differentiated into 1. **C**ervical (_____) 2. **T**horacic (_____) 3. **L**umbar (_____) 4. **S**acral (_____) 5. **C**occygeal (_____)

Answer 60

1. **C**ervical (7) 2. **T**horacic (12) 3. **L**umbar (5) 4. **S**acral 1 (5-fused) 5. **C**occygeal 1(4-fused) Note:- Fused should be count 1 so total vertebral bone is **26**

Question 61

The number of **Cervical** vertebrae are ______________ in almost all **mammals** including **human beings**

Answer 61

**Seven (7)**

Question 62

_____________ is a flat bone on the ventral midline of thorax

Answer 62

**Sternum**

Question 63

There are _______ pairs of **Ribs**

Answer 63

**12**

Question 64

Each **rib** is a thin flat bone connected **dorsally** to the **vertebral column** and ventrally to the ___________

Answer 64

**sternum**

Question 65

**First** seven pairs of ribs are called _______________, they are attached to the thoracic vertebrae and ventrally connected to the sternum with the help of **hyaline cartilage**

Answer 65

**True ribs**

Question 66

The **8^th**,**9^th** and **10^th** pairs of ribs do not articulate directly with the **sternum** but join the _____________ rib with the help of **hyaline cartilage**. These are called **vertebrochondral ribs** (false ribs)

Answer 66

**Seventh** (**7^th**)

Question 67

Last 2 pairs (**11^th** and **12^th**) of **ribs** are **not connected ventrally** and are therefore, called ____________

Answer 67

**floating ribs**

Question 68

**Thoracic vertebrae** (12 numbers) , **ribs** and **sternum** together form the ____________

Answer 68

**rib cage**

Question 69

The bones of the limbs alongwith their girdles constitute the ________________

Answer 69

**appendicular skeleton**

Question 70

Each **limb** either **hand**(fore limb) or **legs** (hind limb) is made of ________ bones

Answer 70

**30**

Question 71

The bones of the hand are 1. **Humerus** 2. **radius** and **ulna** 3. **carpals** (__________) 4. **metacarpals** (______________) 5. **Phalanges**

Answer 71

**Carpals** (Wrist bones - **8** in number) **metacarpals** (palm bones - **5** in number)

Question 72

name and number of each bones in one hand is :- 1. **Humerus** _________ 2. **radius** __________ 3. **ulna** ___________ 4. **carpals** _________ 5. **metacarpals** _________ 6. **Phalanges** _____________

Answer 72

1. **Humerus**---------- **1** 2. **radius** -------------- **1** 3. **ulna** ----------------- **1** 4. **carpals** ------------- **8** 5. **metacarpals** ------ **5** 6. **Phalanges** --------- **14** TOTAL no of bones in one limb is **30**

Question 73

name and number of each bones in one leg is :- 1. **Femur** (Thigh bone) _________ 2. **tibia** __________ 3. **fibula** ___________ 4. **tarsals (ankle bone)** _________ 5. **metatarsals** _________ 6. **Phalanges** _____________

Answer 73

1. **Femur** (Thigh bone) --------- **1** 2. **tibia** ------------------------------- **1** 3. **fibula** ----------------------------- **1** 4. **tarsals (ankle bone)** --------- **8** 5. **metatarsals** -------------------- **5** 6. **Phalanges** ---------------------- **14** Total no of bones in one leg is **30**

Question 74

A **cup shaped** bone called ___________ **cover the knee** ventrally also known as **knee cap**

Answer 74

**Patella**

Question 75

Pectoral girdle is formed of two halves , each half of pectoral girdle consists of a __________ and a **scapula**

Answer 75

**clavicle** note:- scapula is a large triangular flat bone situated in the dorsal part of the thorax between the **second** and the **seventh** ribs

Question 76

The **glenoid cavity** which articulates with the head of the _______________ to form the shoulder joint.

Answer 76

**humerus**

Question 77

**Clavicle** is a long slender bone with two curvatures. This bone is commonly called the ______________

Answer 77

**collar bone**

Question 78

**Pelvic girdle** consists of two _________ bones

Answer 78

**Coxal bones**

Question 79

Each **coxal bone** is formed by the fusion of three bones ________ , ____________ and ____________

Answer 79

**ilium** , **ischium** and **pubis**

Question 80

At the point of fusion of **ilium**, **ischium** and **pubis** bones is a cavity called __________________ to which the thigh bone (Femur) articulates

Answer 80

**Acetabulum**

Question 81

**Joints** are points of contact between bones, or between bones and ______________

Answer 81

**Cartilages**

Question 82

Joints have been classified into three major structural forms, namely 1. **F**_______________ 2. **C**________________ 3. **S**________________

Answer 82

1. **Fibrous** 2. **Cartilaginous** 3. **Synovial**

Question 83

_________ **joints** do not allow any **movement**. This type of joint is shown by the **flat skull bones** which fuse end-to-end with the help of dense **fibrous connective tissues** in the form of **sutures**

Answer 83

**Fibrous**

Question 84

In _____________ joints, the bones involved are joined together with the help of **Cartilages**. The joint between the adjacent **vertebrae** in the vertebral column is of this pattern and it permits limited movements.

Answer 84

**Cartilaginous**

Question 85

______________ **joints** are characterised by the presence of fluid filled __________ cavity between the articulating surfaces of the **two bones**

Answer 85

**Synovial joints**

Question 86

Types of **synovial joints** and their examples are 1. Ball and socket joint - ________________________ 2. Hinge joint _______________ 3. pivot joint _______________ 4. gliding joint _____________ 5. saddle joint _____________

Answer 86

1. Ball and socket joint - Between **humerus** and pectoral girdle 2. Hinge joint - **knee** joint 3. pivot joint - Between **atlas** and **axis** 4. gliding joint - between **carpals** 5. saddle joint - between carpal and **metacarpal of thumb**

Question 87

**Auto immune disorder** affecting **neuromuscular junction** leading to fatigue, weakening and paralysis of **skeletal muscles** is called ___________________

Answer 87

**Myasthenia gravis**

Question 88

A genetic disease that causes muscles to weaken and degenerate over time is called ____________

Answer 88

**Muscular dystrophy**

Question 89

**involuntary contraction** of muscles that usually results from **low calcium levels** in the blood is called _______________

Answer 89

**Tetany**

Question 90

A **common** condition that causes **joint inflammation**, pain, stiffness, and swelling is called _______________

Answer 90

**Arthritis**

Question 91

A bone disease that develops when bone mineral density and **bone mass** decreases, or when the quality or structure of bone changes, common cause is decreased levels of **estrogen** is called ________________

Answer 91

**Osteoporosis**

Question 92

Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of **Uric acid** crystals is called

Answer 92

**Gout**