Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom

Question 1

Fungi and members of __________ and ____________ having Cell wall have now been excluded from Plantae through earlier classifications placed them in the same kingdom

Answer 1

Monera

Protista

Question 2

The Cyanobacteria that are also referred to as Blue green algae are not __________ any more

Answer 2

Algae

Question 3

_______ , __________ , Pteridophytes , _________ and Angiosperm are under Plantae

Answer 3

Algae
Bryophytes
Gymnosperms

Question 4

Earliest systems of classification used within Angiosperm used only gross superficial morphological characters such as habit, colour, number and shapes of leaves, etc. They were based mainly on vegetative characters or on the Androecium structure (System given by Linnaeus), such systems were ___________

Answer 4

Artificial Classification system

They separated the closely related species since they were based on a few characteristic, the artificial systems gave equal weightage to vegetative and sexual characteristics, this is not acceptable since we know that often the vegetative characters are more easily affected by environment

Question 5

____________ classification systems , which were based on natural affinities among the organisms and consider, not only the external features but also inter features like ultra structurem, anatomy, embryology and phytochemistry.

Answer 5

Natural Classification systems

Question 6

Natural Classification system for Flowering plants was given by ________________ and __________________

Answer 6

George Bentham
Joseph Dalton Hooker

Question 7

At present _________________ Classification systems based on Evolutionary relationships between the various organisms are acceptable.

Answer 7

Phylogenetic Classification system

(Based on evolutionary relationships )
This assumes that organisms belonging to the same taxa have a common ancestor

Question 8

_______________ Taxonomy which is now easily carried out using computers is based on all Observable characteristics. Number and codes are assigned to all the characters and the data are then processed

Answer 8

Numerical Taxonomy

(in this way each character is given equal importance and at the same time hundreds of character is given equal importance and at the same time hundreds of characters can be considered)

Question 9

________________ is based on Cytological information like chromosome number, structure, behavior and ______________ that uses the chemical constituents of the plant to resolve confusions, are also used by taxonomists these days.

Answer 9

Cytotaxonomy
Chemotaxonomy

Question 10

___________ are Chlorophyll bearing , simple , thalloid, autotrophic and largely aquatic (Both fresh water and marine) organisms, occur in a variety of other habitat ,Moist stones, soils, wood

Answer 10

Algae

(some of them also occur in association with fungi (Lichen) and Animals (On Sloth bear)

Question 11

The form and size of Algae is highly variable, ranging from colonial forms like ____________ and the filamentous forms like ____________ and _____________

Answer 11

colonial forms -> Volvox
filamentous forms -> Ulothrix and Spirogyra

Question 12

The algae reproduce by ____________, __________ and ___________ methods.

Answer 12

Vegetative
asexual
sexual

Question 13

Vegetative reproduction in algae is by _____________. Each of that develops into a ______________

Answer 13

Fragmentation
Thallus (plant body of Algae is called as Thallus)

Question 14

Asexual reproduction in Algae is by the production of different types of Spores, the most common being the ____________

Answer 14

Zoospores
They are flagellated (motile) and on germination give rise to new plant

Question 15

________________ in Algae takes place through fusion of two gametes. These gametes can be flagellated and similar in size as in ___________ or non-flagellated (non-motile) but similar in size as in ______________

Answer 15

Sexual Reproduction

Ulothrix (gametes- flagellated and similar in size)

Spirogyra (gametes- non-flagellated and similar in size)

Question 16

sexual Reproduction in which both gametes are similar in size is called as ______________,
fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size is termed as ____________,

Fusion between one large, non-motile (static) female gamete and a smaller , motile male gamete is termed as ____________

Answer 16

Isogamous (eg- Ulothrix, spirogyra( non-flagellated)
Anisogamous (eg- Eudorina)
Oogamous (eg- Volvox, Fucus)

Question 17

Half of the total Carbon dioxide fixation on earth is carried out by __________ through Photosynthesis

Answer 17

Algae

Question 18

Examples of

Green Algae
Brown Algae
Red Algae
are

Answer 18

Green Algae- Volvox, Ulothrix
Brown Algae - Laminaria , Fucus and Dictyota
Red Algae - Porphyra , Polysiphonia

Question 19

Many species of ___________, ______________ and _______________ are among 70 (Seventy) species of Marine algae used as food

Answer 19

Porphyra (Red Algae)
Laminaria (Brown Algae)
Sargassum (Brown Algae)

Question 20

Certain marine brown and red algae produce large amount of _________________ (water holding substances)

Answer 20

Hydrocolloids

ex- Algin (brown algae) and Carrageen (red algae) used commercially

Question 21

Agar, one of the commercial products obtained from _______________

Answer 21

Gelidium

Question 22

________________ are used to grow microbes and in preparations of Ice-creams and jellies

Answer 22

Gracilaria

Question 23

________________ a unicellular alga rich in Proteins is used as food supplement even by Space travellers

Answer 23

Chlorella

Question 24

The algae are divided into three main classes ___________, ______________ and _____________

Answer 24

Chlorophyceae
Phaeophyceae
Rhodophyceae

Question 25

The member of **Chlorophyceae** class are commonly called _____________

Answer 25

**green algae**

Question 26

Chlorophyceae are usually grass green due to presence of pigments chlorophyll _____ and ________

Answer 26

**Chlorophyll a** and **Chlorophyll b**

Question 27

Chlorophyceae have one or more storage bodies called _______ **located** in **Chloroplasts**

Answer 27

**Pyrenoids** Pyrenoids contains **Protein** besides starch

Question 28

Green algae usually have a rigid cell wall made of an inner layer of ___________ and an outer layer of _________

Answer 28

**Cellulose** **Pectose**

Question 29

In Chlorophyceae vegetative reproduction usually takes place by ___________ or by formation of different types of spores. **Asexual** reproduction is by **Flagellated**__________ produced in Zoosporangia. Sexual reproduction shows considerable variation in the type of formation of sex cells and it may be isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous

Answer 29

**Fragmentation** **Zoospores**

Question 30

Commonly found green algae are 1._________ 2._________ 3._________ 4._________ 5._________

Answer 30

**Chlamydomonas** **Volvox** **Ulothrix** **Spirogyra** **Chara**

Question 31

The members of **Phaeophyceae** class are commonly called ________ , found primarily in **Marine Habitat**

Answer 31

**Brown Algae**

Question 32

Phaeophyceae range from simple branched, filamentous forms (___________) to profusely branched forms as represented by kelps which may reach a height of **100 meters**

Answer 32

**Ectocarpus**

Question 33

Phaeophyceae (Brown algae) possess **Chlorophyll** ___, ____ Carotenoids and ________________

Answer 33

**Chlorophyll a** and **Chlorophyll c** **Xanthophylls** note:- **Fucoxanthin** present in Brown algae

Question 34

In **Phaeophyceae** (Brown algae) food is stored as complex carbohydrates, which may be in the form of ___________ or ___________

Answer 34

**Laminarin** **Mannitol**

Question 35

**Brown Algae** (Phaeophyceae) vegetative cells have a **cellulosic** wall usually **covered on the outside** by a gelatinous coating of _________

Answer 35

**Algin**

Question 36

**Brown Algae** (Phaeophyceae) plant body is usually attached to the substratum by a ___________, and has a stalk , the __________ and leaf like photosynthetic organ , the ________

Answer 36

**Hold fast** **Stipe** **Frond**

Question 37

sexual reproduction In Brown algae the gametes are _________(Pear-shaped) and bear two laterally attached **Flagella**

Answer 37

**Pyriform**

Question 38

Commonly found **Phaeophyceae** (brown algae) are 1._________ 2._________ 3._________ 4._________ 5._________

Answer 38

**E**ctocarpus **D**ictyota **L**aminaria **S**argassum **F**ucus mnemonic:- **even democracy lift store fish**

Question 39

The members of **Rhodophyceae** are commonly called __________ because of the predominance of the red pigment___________

Answer 39

**Red Algae** **r-phycoerythrin**

Question 40

Rhodophyceae (Red Algae) possess **Chlorophyll** ___, ____

Answer 40

**Chlorophyll a** and **Chlorophyll d**

Question 41

The food stored in **Rhodophyceae** (Red Algae) as _____________ which is very similar to **amylopectin and glycogen** in structure

Answer 41

**Floridean starch**

Question 42

The common members of **Rhodophyceae** (Red Algae) are 1.________________ 2.________________ 3.________________ 4.________________

Answer 42

**Polysiphonia** **Porphyra** **Gracilaria** **Gelidium**

Question 43

**Bryophytes** include the various ___________ and ___________ that are found commonly growing in moist shaded areas in the hills

Answer 43

**Mosses** **Liverworts**

Question 44

Bryophytes are also called ____________ of the plant kingdom because these plants can live in soil but are dependent on water for **sexual reproduction**

Answer 44

**Amphibians**

Question 45

**Bryophytes** lack true roots, stem or leaves, The main plant body of the bryophyte is ____________.It produce **Gametes**, hence is called a _____________

Answer 45

**Haploid** **Gametophyte**

Question 46

In **Bryophytes** male sex organ is called _____________ . The female sex organ called ___________________

Answer 46

**Antheridium** (They produce biflagellate **Antherozoids**) **Archegonium** (Flask shaped which produces **Single egg**)

Question 47

_______________ a **moss** , provide peat that have long been used as fuel, and as packing material for trans-shipment of living material because of their capacity to hold __________

Answer 47

***Sphagnum*** **Water**

Question 48

**Mosses** along with ___________ are the first organisms to **colonise rocks** and hence are of great ecological importance.

Answer 48

**Lichen** Mosses(bryophytes) and lichens decompose rocks making the substrate suitable for the growth of **Higher plants**

Question 49

The **Bryophytes** are divided into _____________ and ______________

Answer 49

**liverworts** **Mosses**

Question 50

The plant body of liverwort is _______________ e.g **Marchantia**

Answer 50

**Thalloid**

Question 51

Asexual reproduction in liverworts takes place by **Fragmentation** of thalli (thallus) or by the formation of specialised structures called __________

Answer 51

**Gemmae** (singular -Gemma)

Question 52

Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds, which develop in small receptacles called ____________

Answer 52

**Gamma Cups**

Question 53

The first stage of life cycle of **Mosses** is called ___________ , which develops directly from a spore. The second stage is the **Leafy stage** which develops from the ________________ as a lateral bud

Answer 53

**Protonema Stage** **secondary Protonema**

Question 54

common examples of Mosses are 1.____________ 2.____________ 3.____________

Answer 54

**F**unaria **P**olytrichum **S**phagnum

Question 55

**Pteridophytes** includes ____________ and _____________

Answer 55

**Horsetail** **Ferns**

Question 56

Evolutionarily **Pteridophytes** are the first terrestrial plants to posses ________________

Answer 56

**Vascular tissues** (Xylem and Phloem)

Question 57

In bryophytes the dominant plant phase in the life cycle is the **Gametophytic** Plant body, In **Pteridophytes**, the main plant body is a _______________ which differentiated into true root, stem and leaves.

Answer 57

**Sporophyte**

Question 58

Difference between **Gametophytes** and **sporophytes** are

Answer 58

Question 59

The sporophytes bear sporangia that are subtended by leaf-like appendages called _____________, In some cases these appendages may form distinct compact structures called __________ or _________

Answer 59

**Sporophylls** **Strobili** or **Cones** (ex- Selaginella , equisetum)

Question 60

The spores germinate to give rise to inconspicuous, small but multicellular free-living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid **gametophytes** called _____________

Answer 60

**Prothallus**

Question 61

In majority of the **Pteridophytes** all the **spores** are of similar kinds, such plants are called _______________

Answer 61

**Homosporous**

Question 62

**Pteridophytes** like ***Selaginella*** and ***Salvinia*** which produce two kinds of spores , **macro (large)** and **micro (small)** spores , are know as _______________

Answer 62

**Heterosporous**

Question 63

The Pteridophytes are further classified into four classes

Answer 63

**P**silopsida (Psilotum) **L**ycopsida (Selaginella, Lycopodium) **S**phenopsida (Equisetum) **P**teropsida (Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum)

Question 64

The ___________________ are plants in which the **ovules** are not enclosed by any **Ovary** wall and remain exposed, both before and after fertilisation

Answer 64

**Gymnosperms** (Gymnos:- naked , sperma: Seeds)

Question 65

Gymnosperms , the giant redwood tree _____________ is one of the tallest tree **species**

Answer 65

***Sequoia***

Question 66

Gymnosperms **roots** in some **genera** have **fungal** association in the form of **Mycorrhiza**, example _______________ while in some others (**Cycas**) small specialised roots called **Coralloid** roots are associated with __________________

Answer 66

**Pinus** **N₂-fixing cyanobacteria**

Question 67

Gymnosperms , the stems are unbranched in ___________ or branched in ___________, _____________

Answer 67

**Cycas** **Pinus**,**Cedrus**

Question 68

In **conifers**, the needle-like leaves reduce the ___________, their thick cuticle and sunken stomata also help to reduce water loss

Answer 68

**Surface Area**

Question 69

The Gymnosperms are _______________, they produce haploid **microspores** and **megaspores**

Answer 69

**Hetrosporous**

Question 70

The **Strobili** bearing **microsporophylls** and **microsporangia** are called **microsporangiate** or _______________

Answer 70

**Male strobili**

Question 71

The cones bearing megasporophylls with ovules or megasporangia are called macrosporangiate or ____________

Answer 71

**Female strobili**

Question 72

The male or female cones or **strobili** may be borne on the same tree. eg -_____________ however in ___________ **male cones** and **megasporophylls** are borne on different trees

Answer 72

**Pinus** **Cycas**

Question 73

**In gymnosperms the megaspore mother cell divides meiotically to form __________ number of **Megaspores**. one of the megaspores enclosed within the megasporangium develops into multicellular female gametophyte that bears tow or more ____________ or female sex organs

Answer 73

**Four** **Archegonia**

Question 74

The **Angiosperms** or **flowering plants**, the pollen grains and ovules are developed in the specialised structures called ___________

Answer 74

**Flowers**

Question 75

In Angiosperms, the seeds are enclosed in ____________

Answer 75

**fruits**

Question 76

The Angiosperms range in size from the **Smallest**___________ to **tall trees** of ___________ (over 100 meters)

Answer 76

**Wolffia** ***Eucalyptus***

Question 77

**Angiosperms** are divided into two classes namely :- 1._______________ 2. _______________

Answer 77

**Monocotyledons** **Dicotyledons**