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Biology XI > Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom Flashcards

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1
Q

Fungi and members of __________ and ____________ having Cell wall have now been excluded from Plantae through earlier classifications placed them in the same kingdom

A

Monera

Protista

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2
Q

The Cyanobacteria that are also referred to as Blue green algae are not __________ any more

A

Algae

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3
Q

_______ , __________ , Pteridophytes , _________ and Angiosperm are under Plantae

A

Algae
Bryophytes
Gymnosperms

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4
Q

Earliest systems of classification used within Angiosperm used only gross superficial morphological characters such as habit, colour, number and shapes of leaves, etc. They were based mainly on vegetative characters or on the Androecium structure (System given by Linnaeus), such systems were ___________

A

Artificial Classification system

They separated the closely related species since they were based on a few characteristic, the artificial systems gave equal weightage to vegetative and sexual characteristics, this is not acceptable since we know that often the vegetative characters are more easily affected by environment

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5
Q

____________ classification systems , which were based on natural affinities among the organisms and consider, not only the external features but also inter features like ultra structurem, anatomy, embryology and phytochemistry.

A

Natural Classification systems

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6
Q

Natural Classification system for Flowering plants was given by ________________ and __________________

A

George Bentham
Joseph Dalton Hooker

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7
Q

At present _________________ Classification systems based on Evolutionary relationships between the various organisms are acceptable.

A

Phylogenetic Classification system

(Based on evolutionary relationships )
This assumes that organisms belonging to the same taxa have a common ancestor

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8
Q

_______________ Taxonomy which is now easily carried out using computers is based on all Observable characteristics. Number and codes are assigned to all the characters and the data are then processed

A

Numerical Taxonomy

(in this way each character is given equal importance and at the same time hundreds of character is given equal importance and at the same time hundreds of characters can be considered)

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9
Q

________________ is based on Cytological information like chromosome number, structure, behavior and ______________ that uses the chemical constituents of the plant to resolve confusions, are also used by taxonomists these days.

A

Cytotaxonomy
Chemotaxonomy

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10
Q

___________ are Chlorophyll bearing , simple , thalloid, autotrophic and largely aquatic (Both fresh water and marine) organisms, occur in a variety of other habitat ,Moist stones, soils, wood

A

Algae

(some of them also occur in association with fungi (Lichen) and Animals (On Sloth bear)

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11
Q

The form and size of Algae is highly variable, ranging from colonial forms like ____________ and the filamentous forms like ____________ and _____________

A

colonial forms -> Volvox
filamentous forms -> Ulothrix and Spirogyra

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12
Q

The algae reproduce by ____________, __________ and ___________ methods.

A

Vegetative
asexual
sexual

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13
Q

Vegetative reproduction in algae is by _____________. Each of that develops into a ______________

A

Fragmentation
Thallus (plant body of Algae is called as Thallus)

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14
Q

Asexual reproduction in Algae is by the production of different types of Spores, the most common being the ____________

A

Zoospores
They are flagellated (motile) and on germination give rise to new plant

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15
Q

________________ in Algae takes place through fusion of two gametes. These gametes can be flagellated and similar in size as in ___________ or non-flagellated (non-motile) but similar in size as in ______________

A

Sexual Reproduction

Ulothrix (gametes- flagellated and similar in size)

Spirogyra (gametes- non-flagellated and similar in size)

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16
Q

sexual Reproduction in which both gametes are similar in size is called as ______________,
fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size is termed as ____________,

Fusion between one large, non-motile (static) female gamete and a smaller , motile male gamete is termed as ____________

A

Isogamous (eg- Ulothrix, spirogyra( non-flagellated)
Anisogamous (eg- Eudorina)
Oogamous (eg- Volvox, Fucus)

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17
Q

Half of the total Carbon dioxide fixation on earth is carried out by __________ through Photosynthesis

A

Algae

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18
Q

Examples of

Green Algae
Brown Algae
Red Algae
are

A

Green Algae- Volvox, Ulothrix
Brown Algae - Laminaria , Fucus and Dictyota
Red Algae - Porphyra , Polysiphonia

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19
Q

Many species of ___________, ______________ and _______________ are among 70 (Seventy) species of Marine algae used as food

A

Porphyra (Red Algae)
Laminaria (Brown Algae)
Sargassum (Brown Algae)

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20
Q

Certain marine brown and red algae produce large amount of _________________ (water holding substances)

A

Hydrocolloids

ex- Algin (brown algae) and Carrageen (red algae) used commercially

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21
Q

Agar, one of the commercial products obtained from _______________

A

Gelidium

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22
Q

________________ are used to grow microbes and in preparations of Ice-creams and jellies

A

Gracilaria

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23
Q

________________ a unicellular alga rich in Proteins is used as food supplement even by Space travellers

A

Chlorella

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24
Q

The algae are divided into three main classes ___________, ______________ and _____________

A

Chlorophyceae
Phaeophyceae
Rhodophyceae

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25
Q

The member of Chlorophyceae class are commonly called _____________

A

green algae

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26
Q

Chlorophyceae are usually grass green due to presence of pigments chlorophyll _____ and ________

A

Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b

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27
Q

Chlorophyceae have one or more storage bodies called _______ located in Chloroplasts

A

Pyrenoids
Pyrenoids contains Protein besides starch

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28
Q

Green algae usually have a rigid cell wall made of an inner layer of ___________ and an outer layer of _________

A

Cellulose
Pectose

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29
Q

In Chlorophyceae vegetative reproduction usually takes place by ___________ or by formation of different types of spores. Asexual reproduction is by Flagellated__________ produced in Zoosporangia.

Sexual reproduction shows considerable variation in the type of formation of sex cells and it may be isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous

A

Fragmentation
Zoospores

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30
Q

Commonly found green algae are
1._________
2._________
3._________
4._________
5._________

A

Chlamydomonas
Volvox
Ulothrix
Spirogyra
Chara

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31
Q

The members of Phaeophyceae class are commonly called ________ , found primarily in Marine Habitat

A

Brown Algae

32
Q

Phaeophyceae range from simple branched, filamentous forms (___________) to profusely branched forms as represented by kelps which may reach a height of 100 meters

A

Ectocarpus

33
Q

Phaeophyceae (Brown algae) possess Chlorophyll ___, ____
Carotenoids and ________________

A

Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll c
Xanthophylls

note:- Fucoxanthin present in Brown algae

34
Q

In Phaeophyceae (Brown algae) food is stored as complex carbohydrates, which may be in the form of ___________ or ___________

A

Laminarin
Mannitol

35
Q

Brown Algae (Phaeophyceae) vegetative cells have a cellulosic wall usually covered on the outside by a gelatinous coating of _________

A

Algin

36
Q

Brown Algae (Phaeophyceae) plant body is usually attached to the substratum by a ___________, and has a stalk , the __________ and leaf like photosynthetic organ , the ________

A

Hold fast
Stipe
Frond

37
Q

sexual reproduction In Brown algae the gametes are _________(Pear-shaped) and bear two laterally attached Flagella

A

Pyriform

38
Q

Commonly found Phaeophyceae (brown algae) are
1._________
2._________
3._________
4._________
5._________

A

Ectocarpus
Dictyota
Laminaria
Sargassum
Fucus

mnemonic:- even democracy lift store fish

39
Q

The members of Rhodophyceae are commonly called __________ because of the predominance of the red pigment___________

A

Red Algae
r-phycoerythrin

40
Q

Rhodophyceae (Red Algae) possess Chlorophyll ___, ____

A

Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll d

41
Q

The food stored in Rhodophyceae (Red Algae) as _____________ which is very similar to amylopectin and glycogen in structure

A

Floridean starch

42
Q

The common members of Rhodophyceae (Red Algae) are
1.________________
2.________________
3.________________
4.________________

A

Polysiphonia
Porphyra
Gracilaria
Gelidium

43
Q

Bryophytes include the various ___________ and ___________ that are found commonly growing in moist shaded areas in the hills

A

Mosses

Liverworts

44
Q

Bryophytes are also called ____________ of the plant kingdom because these plants can live in soil but are dependent on water for sexual reproduction

A

Amphibians

45
Q

Bryophytes lack true roots, stem or leaves, The main plant body of the bryophyte is ____________.It produce Gametes, hence is called a _____________

A

Haploid
Gametophyte

46
Q

In Bryophytes male sex organ is called _____________ .

The female sex organ called ___________________

A

Antheridium (They produce biflagellate Antherozoids)

Archegonium (Flask shaped which produces Single egg)

47
Q

_______________ a moss , provide peat that have long been used as fuel, and as packing material for trans-shipment of living material because of their capacity to hold __________

A

Sphagnum

Water

48
Q

Mosses along with ___________ are the first organisms to colonise rocks and hence are of great ecological importance.

A

Lichen

Mosses(bryophytes) and lichens decompose rocks making the substrate suitable for the growth of Higher plants

49
Q

The Bryophytes are divided into _____________ and ______________

A

liverworts

Mosses

50
Q

The plant body of liverwort is _______________ e.g Marchantia

A

Thalloid

51
Q

Asexual reproduction in liverworts takes place by Fragmentation of thalli (thallus) or by the formation of specialised structures called __________

A

Gemmae (singular -Gemma)

52
Q

Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds, which develop in small receptacles called ____________

A

Gamma Cups

53
Q

The first stage of life cycle of Mosses is called ___________ , which develops directly from a spore.
The second stage is the Leafy stage which develops from the ________________ as a lateral bud

A

Protonema Stage

secondary Protonema

54
Q

common examples of Mosses are
1.____________
2.____________
3.____________

A

Funaria
Polytrichum
Sphagnum

55
Q

Pteridophytes includes ____________ and _____________

A

Horsetail
Ferns

56
Q

Evolutionarily Pteridophytes are the first terrestrial plants to posses ________________

A

Vascular tissues (Xylem and Phloem)

57
Q

In bryophytes the dominant plant phase in the life cycle is the Gametophytic Plant body, In Pteridophytes, the main plant body is a _______________ which differentiated into true root, stem and leaves.

A

Sporophyte

58
Q

Difference between Gametophytes and sporophytes are

A
59
Q

The sporophytes bear sporangia that are subtended by leaf-like appendages called _____________, In some cases these appendages may form distinct compact structures called __________ or _________

A

Sporophylls
Strobili or Cones (ex- Selaginella , equisetum)

60
Q

The spores germinate to give rise to inconspicuous, small but multicellular free-living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes called _____________

A

Prothallus

61
Q

In majority of the Pteridophytes all the spores are of similar kinds, such plants are called _______________

A

Homosporous

62
Q

Pteridophytes like Selaginella and Salvinia which produce two kinds of spores , macro (large) and micro (small) spores , are know as _______________

A

Heterosporous

63
Q

The Pteridophytes are further classified into four classes

A

Psilopsida (Psilotum)
Lycopsida (Selaginella, Lycopodium)
Sphenopsida (Equisetum)
Pteropsida (Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum)

64
Q

The ___________________ are plants in which the ovules are not enclosed by any Ovary wall and remain exposed, both before and after fertilisation

A

Gymnosperms

(Gymnos:- naked , sperma: Seeds)

65
Q

Gymnosperms , the giant redwood tree _____________ is one of the tallest tree species

A

Sequoia

66
Q

Gymnosperms roots in some genera have fungal association in the form of Mycorrhiza, example _______________ while in some others (Cycas) small specialised roots called Coralloid roots are associated with __________________

A

Pinus

N2-fixing cyanobacteria

67
Q

Gymnosperms , the stems are unbranched in ___________ or branched in ___________, _____________

A

Cycas

Pinus,Cedrus

68
Q

In conifers, the needle-like leaves reduce the ___________, their thick cuticle and sunken stomata also help to reduce water loss

A

Surface Area

69
Q

The Gymnosperms are _______________, they produce haploid microspores and megaspores

A

Hetrosporous

70
Q

The Strobili bearing microsporophylls and microsporangia are called microsporangiate or _______________

A

Male strobili

71
Q

The cones bearing megasporophylls with ovules or megasporangia are called macrosporangiate or ____________

A

Female strobili

72
Q

The male or female cones or strobili may be borne on the same tree. eg -_____________
however in ___________ male cones and megasporophylls are borne on different trees

A

Pinus
Cycas

73
Q

**In gymnosperms the megaspore mother cell divides meiotically to form __________ number of Megaspores. one of the megaspores enclosed within the megasporangium develops into multicellular female gametophyte that bears tow or more ____________ or female sex organs

A

Four

Archegonia

74
Q

The Angiosperms or flowering plants, the pollen grains and ovules are developed in the specialised structures called ___________

A

Flowers

75
Q

In Angiosperms, the seeds are enclosed in ____________

A

fruits

76
Q

The Angiosperms range in size from the Smallest___________ to tall trees of ___________ (over 100 meters)

A

Wolffia

Eucalyptus

77
Q

Angiosperms are divided into two classes namely :-
1._______________
2. _______________

A

Monocotyledons
Dicotyledons

Biology XI (19 decks)

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