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Biology XI > Chapter 8: Cell : The Unit of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Cell : The Unit of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

The physico-Chemical approach to study and understanding living organism is called ________________

A

Reductionist Biology

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2
Q

____________________ an outstanding figure in the field of protein structure, was the founder of the Madras School of conformational analysis of biopolymers

A

G.N. Ramachandran

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3
Q

___________________ discover the Triple Helical Structure of Collagen published in Nature in 1954

A

G.N. Ramachandran

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4
Q

________________ rank among the most outstanding contribution in Structural Biology

A

Ramachandran Plot

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5
Q

Ramachandran met ________________ and deeply influenced by this publication on models of the α-Helix and ß-sheets structure of Protein. Directed his attention to solving the structure of ______________

A

Linus Pauling
Collagens

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6
Q

_________ is the Fundamental, Structural and Functional unit of all living organism.

A

Cell

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7
Q

_____________ first saw and described a live cell, Robert Brown later discovered the ____________

A

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

Nucleus

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8
Q

In 1838 _____________ , A German botanist examined a large number of Plants and observed all plants are composed of different kind of cells.

A

Matthias Schleiden

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9
Q

_____________, A British Zoologist, studied different types of Animal cells and reported that cell had a outer layer which is today known as the *Plasma Membrane

A

Theodore Schwann (1939)

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10
Q

____________ and _____________ together formulated Cell Theory

A

Schleiden and Schwann

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11
Q

__________ proposed the hypothesis that the bodies of animals and plants are composed of cells and products of cells

A

Schwann

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12
Q

________________ 1855 first explained that cells divided and new cells are formed from Pre-existing cells (Omnis Cellula-e cellula)

A

Rudolf Virchow

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13
Q

Cell Theory says that -

A

i) All living organisms are composed of cells and products of cells
ii) All cells arise from pre-existing cells

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14
Q

Cells that have membrane bound nuclei are called ______

A

Eukaryotic cells

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15
Q

Cells that lack a membrane bound nucleus are called ______

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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16
Q

_________________ are non-membrane bound orgenells found in all cells both in Eukaryotes as well as prokaryotes

A

Ribosomes

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17
Q

Ribosomes are found not only in the cytoplasm but also within the organelles _____________ , ____________ and _____________

A

Chloroplasts (in plants)
mitochondria
on Rough endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

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18
Q

Animal Cells contains another non-membrane bound organelle called Centrosome- Which helps in _____________

A

Cell Division

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19
Q

______________________ is the smallest cells, are only 0.3 micron while bacteria could be 3 to 5 micron

A

Mycoplasma

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20
Q

The Largest isolated single cell is the ________________

A

Egg of an Ostrich

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21
Q

Human Red blood Cells are about _____________ micron in diameter

A

7.0

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22
Q

The ______________ cells are represented by Bacteria, Blue-green algae, mycoplasma and PPLO

A

Prokaryotic

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23
Q

Full form of PPLO is -

A

Pleuro Pneumonia like organism

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24
Q

The four basic shapes of Bacteria are-

A

i) Bacillus (Rod like)
ii) Cocus (Spherical)
III) Vibrio (Comma Shaped)
iv) Spirillum (Spiral)

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25
Q

All prokaryotes have a Cell Wall Surrounding the cell membrane except in ___________________

A

Mycoplasma

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26
Q

Many bacteria have small circular DNA outside the Genomic DNA, These smaller DNA are called ______________

A

Plasmids

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27
Q

The Plasmid DNA confers certain unique phenotypic character to such bacteria . One such character is resistance to __________________

A

Antibiotics

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28
Q

Nuclear Membrane is found in _______________ cells

A

Eukaryotic

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29
Q

A Specialised differentiated form of Cell Membrane called ______________ is characteristics of prokaryotes. They are essentially infoldings of Cell Membrane

A

Mesosome

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30
Q

The Cell envelop of Prokaryotic cell consists of a tightly bound three (3)layered structure, the outer most ____________ followed by Cell wall and then Plasma Membrane

A

Glycocalyx

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31
Q

Those prokaryotic cells/Bacteria that take up the Gram stain are called ____________ and the other that do not are called ______________

A

Gram Positive (Purple color)
Gram Negative(Red color)

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32
Q

The _____________ determines the shape of the cell and provide a strong structural support to prevent the bacterium from Bursting or Collapsing

A

Cell Wall

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33
Q

The Plasma membrane is ____________________ in nature and interacts with the outside world

A

Selectively Permeable

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34
Q

A special membranous structure is the Mesosome which is formed by the extension of plasma membrane into the cell, These ex tension are in the form of Vesicles, tubules and Lamellae They helps in _________________ formation ,DNA replication and distribution to daughter cells

A

Cell Wall

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35
Q

Bacterial Flagellum is composed of three parts - namely

A

Filament
Hook
Basal Body

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36
Q

50 S and 30 S units of Ribosomeswhen presence together form _____________S Prokaryotic ribosomes

A

70 S

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37
Q

Ribosomes are the site of _______________

A

Protein Synthesis

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38
Q

Full form of mRNA

A

Messenger RNA (abbreviated mRNA)

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39
Q

Several Ribosomes may attached to a Single mRNA and form a chain Called ________________

A

Polyribosome or Polysomes

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40
Q

The ribosome of a polysomes translate the mRNA into _________

A

Protein

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41
Q

Gas Vacuoles are found in ______________ and purple and green Photosynthetic bacteria

A

Blue Green

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42
Q

Eukaryotic cells genetic material is organised into __________________

A

Chromosomes

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43
Q

Plants and animal cells are different as the plant cell poses ___________, _____________________ and a _________________ which are absent in Animal Cells

A

Cell Walls
Plastids
Central Vacuole

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44
Q

Animal cells have ______________ Which are absent in almost all plant cells

A

Centrioles

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45
Q

Cell membrane is mainly composed of lipids and Protiens the major lipids are ______________ that are arranged in a Bilayer within the membrane with polar head towards the outer side and hydrophobic tail towards the inner part

A

Phospholipids

46
Q

In Human beings , the membrane of the Erythrocyte (RBC) has approximately ______% Protein and _______% lipids

A

52
40

47
Q

Peripheral Proteins lie on the _______________ of the membrane while Integral Proteins are partially or totally buried in the membrane

A

Surface

48
Q

An improved model of the structure of cell membrane was proposed by Singer and Nicolson (1972) widely accepted as ______________

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

49
Q

The most important function of the plasma membrane is the transport of the molecules across it, The membrane is ___________________ to some molecules present on either side of it

A

Selectively Permeable

50
Q

Many molecules can move briefly across the membrane without any requirement of energy and this is called ______________ i.e- from Higher concentration to the lower

A

Passive Transport

51
Q

Movement of Water by Diffusion is Called _____________

A

Osmosis

52
Q

Some polar molecules cannot pass through the nonpolar lipid bilayer, they required a __________________, A few ions transport across the membrane against their concentration gradient i.e form lower to the higher concentration such a transport is an energy dependent process in which ATP is utilised and is called ____________ eg- Na+/K+ pump

A

Carrier Protein
Active Transport

53
Q

A non living rigid structure Called ___________ form an outer covering for the plasma membrane of fungi and plants

A

Cell Wall

54
Q

Algae have Cell Wall made up of

A

Cellulose
Galactans
Mannans
Minerals like “Calcium Carbonate”

55
Q

In plant other than algae Cell wall consists of

A

Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Pectin
Proteins

56
Q

The middle Lamella is a layer mainly of ___________ which holds or glues the difference neighboring cells together

A

Calcium Pectate

57
Q

The Cell wall and middle lamella may be transversed by _____________ which connects the cytoplasm of neighboring cells

A

Plasmodesmata

58
Q

The membranous organelles are considered together as an endomembrane system because their function are coordinated , The endomembrane system includes

A

i) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
ii)Golgi Complex
III)Lysosomes and Vacuoles

59
Q

ER(Endoplasmic Reticulum) divides the intracellular space into two distinct compartments i.e-

A

i) Luminal (inside ER)
ii) Extra Luminal (Cytoplasm)

60
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bearing Ribosome on their surface is called ______________ in the absence of Ribosome are called ________________

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum(RER)

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

61
Q

The Rough endoplasmic Reticulum observed in the cells actively involved in _______________________. They are extensive and continuous with the outer membrane of Nucleus

A

Protein Synthesis and Secretion

62
Q

The Smooth endoplasmic reticulum(SER) is the major site for synthesis of _______________ . In animal cells lipid like Steroid hormone are synthesis in SER

A

Lipids

63
Q

_____________ first observed densely stained reticular structure near the nucleus. These were later named Golgi Bodies after him

A

Camillo Golgi (1898)

64
Q

Varied number of ______________ are present in Golgi Complex

A

Cisternae

65
Q

A number of proteins synthesised by ribosome on the endoplasmic reticulum are modified in the ______________ of the Golgi apparatus before they are released from its Trans face

A

Cisternae

66
Q

Golgi apparatus is the important site of formation of _____________ and ________________

A

Glycoprotein
Glycolipids

67
Q

__________ are membrane bound vesicular structure formed by the process of packaging in the Golgi apparatus

A

Lysosomes

68
Q

Lysosomal vesicles have been found to be very rich in almost all types of ______________ enzymes, these enzymes are capable of digesting Carbohydrate, protein, lipids and nucleic acid

A

hydrolytic

69
Q

The Vacuole is bound by a Single membrane called ___________, vacuoles contain water, sap, excretory product and other materials not useful for the cell

A

Tonoplast

70
Q

In Amoeba the Contractile Vacuole is important for _____________ and excretion , In many cells , as in Protists, food vacuoles are formed by engulfing the food particle

A

Osmoregulation

71
Q

Mitochondria is a Double membrane bound structure, The inner compartment filled with a dense homogenous substance called the ________________

A

Matrix

72
Q

Mitochondria inner membrane form anumber of infoldings called ________ towards matrix. This increase the surface area.

A

Cristae

73
Q

Mitochondria are the site of ___________________, They produce cellular energy in the form of __________, hence they are Called Power house of the Cell

A

Aerobic Respiration

ATP

74
Q

The mitochondria also poses Single _____________ DNA a few RNA molecules, Ribosomes (70 S)

A

Circular

75
Q

Plastids are found in all plants cells and in ___________________

A

Euglenoids

76
Q

Based on the type of pigments plastids are of how many types -

A

Chloroplast
chromoplast
leucoplast

77
Q

Chloroplasts of the green plants are found in the ___________ cells of the leaves

A

Mesophyll

78
Q

The space limited by the inner membrane of the chloroplast is Called the ___________

A

Stroma

79
Q

A number of organised flattened membranous sacs called the __________ are present in the stroma

A

Thylakoids

80
Q

Thylakoids are arranged in stacks like the piles of coins called____________

A

Grana (singular: Granum)

81
Q

There are flat membranous tubules called the _____________ connecting the thylakoids of different grana.

A

Stroma Lamellae

82
Q

The stroma of the chloroplast contains enzymes required for the synthesis of _____________________

A

Carbohydrate and Proteins

83
Q

Stroma also contains small , double stranded circular ________ molecules and ____________

A

DNA

Ribosome

84
Q

Chlorophyll pigment are present in the ____________

A

Thylakoids

85
Q

The Ribosomes of the chloroplasts are smaller (70 S) than the cytoplasmic Ribosome which is __________

A

80 S

86
Q

Ribosomes are the granular structures first observed under the electron microscope as dense particle by _____________ in 1953

A

George Palade

87
Q

____________ are composed of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) and protein and are not surrounded by any Membrane

A

Ribosomes

88
Q

The Eukaryotic Ribosomes are _______ while the Prokaryotic ribosomes are ___________

A

80 S (60 S larger subunit , 40 S smaller subunit)

70 S (50 S larger subunit , 30 S smaller subunit)

89
Q

Each ribosomes has two subunits, larger and smaller subunits the two subunits of 80 S ribosome are ________ and ________ while that of 70 S ribosomes are _____ and _________

A

60 S, 40 S

50 S, 30 S

90
Q

In ribosomes subunits “S” means _______________ stands for sedimentation Coefficient. It is indirectly a measure of Density and size

A

Svedberg’s units

91
Q

An elaborated networks of filamentous proteinaceous structures consisting of microtubules, microfilament and intermediate filaments present in the cytoplasm is collectively referred to as the _______________

A

Cytoskeleton

92
Q

Flagella are comparatively longer and responsible for _______________

A

Cell movement

93
Q

Core of Cilium or the Flagellum called ____________

A

Axoneme

94
Q

The axoneme usually has ___________ doublets of radially arranged peripheral microtubules and a pair of Centrally located microtubules

A

Nine

95
Q

Arrangement of axonemal microtubules is referred to as the __________ array

A

9+2

96
Q

Centrosome is an organelle usually containing two cylindrical structure called ________________ both are lie perpendicular to each other

A

Centrioles

97
Q

The centrioles form the basal body of cilia and flagella , and ___________ that give rise to spindle apparatus during cell division in animal cells

A

Spindle fibres

98
Q

Nucleus as a cell organelle was first described by _________

A

Robert Brown (1831)

99
Q

The material of the nucleus stained by the Basic Dyes was given the name Chromatin by _________________

A

Flemming

100
Q

The interphase nucleus (Nucleus of a cell when it in not dividing) has highly extended and elaborated Nucleoprotein fibres called ______________

A

Chromatin

101
Q

Electron microscope has revealed that the nuclear envelop, which consists of two parallel membranes with a space between (10 to 50 nm) is called ____________

A

Perinuclear space

102
Q

Some mature cells even lack nucleus eg-

A

i) Erythrocytes (RBC) in mammels
ii) Sieve tube cells of Vascular plants

103
Q

The nuclear matrix or the Nucleoplasm contains ___________ and ________________

A

Nucleolus and Chromatin

104
Q

The content of nucleolus is continuous with the rest of the nucleoplasm as it in not a ____________ bound Structure

A

membrane

105
Q

Nucleolus is a site for active ____________ synthesis

A

Ribosomal RNA

106
Q

During different stages of cell division m cell shows structured ____________ in place of the nucleus

A

Chromosomes

107
Q

Chromatin contains DNA and some Basic Proteins called _____, some ______________ and also RNA

A

Histones, Non-histones

108
Q

Human cells has approximately ________ meter long thread of DNA distributed among its Forty six (Twenty three Pairs) Chromosomes

A

Two (2)

109
Q

Every Chromosome ( Visible only in Dividing Cells) essentially has a primary Constriction or the ____________on the side of which disk shaped structures called ______________

A

centromere

Kinetochores

110
Q

Based on the position of centromere, the chromosome are of 4 types namely-

A

i) metacentric
ii) Sub metacentric
iii) Acrocentric
iv) Telocentric

111
Q

A few chromosomes have non-staining secondary constriction ot a constant location this give the appearance of a small fragment called the_____________

A

Satellite

Biology XI (19 decks)

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