Chapter 8: Cell : The Unit of Life Flashcards
1
Q
The physico-Chemical approach to study and understanding living organism is called ________________
A
Reductionist Biology
2
Q
____________________ an outstanding figure in the field of protein structure, was the founder of the Madras School of conformational analysis of biopolymers
A
G.N. Ramachandran
3
Q
___________________ discover the Triple Helical Structure of Collagen published in Nature in 1954
A
G.N. Ramachandran
4
Q
________________ rank among the most outstanding contribution in Structural Biology
A
Ramachandran Plot
5
Q
Ramachandran met ________________ and deeply influenced by this publication on models of the α-Helix and ß-sheets structure of Protein. Directed his attention to solving the structure of ______________
A
Linus Pauling
Collagens
6
Q
_________ is the Fundamental, Structural and Functional unit of all living organism.
A
Cell
7
Q
_____________ first saw and described a live cell, Robert Brown later discovered the ____________
A
Anton von Leeuwenhoek
Nucleus
8
Q
In 1838 _____________ , A German botanist examined a large number of Plants and observed all plants are composed of different kind of cells.
A
Matthias Schleiden
9
Q
_____________, A British Zoologist, studied different types of Animal cells and reported that cell had a outer layer which is today known as the *Plasma Membrane
A
Theodore Schwann (1939)
10
Q
____________ and _____________ together formulated Cell Theory
A
Schleiden and Schwann
11
Q
__________ proposed the hypothesis that the bodies of animals and plants are composed of cells and products of cells
A
Schwann
12
Q
________________ 1855 first explained that cells divided and new cells are formed from Pre-existing cells (Omnis Cellula-e cellula)
A
Rudolf Virchow
13
Q
Cell Theory says that -
A
i) All living organisms are composed of cells and products of cells
ii) All cells arise from pre-existing cells
14
Q
Cells that have membrane bound nuclei are called ______
A
Eukaryotic cells
15
Q
Cells that lack a membrane bound nucleus are called ______
A
Prokaryotic Cells
16
Q
_________________ are non-membrane bound orgenells found in all cells both in Eukaryotes as well as prokaryotes
A
Ribosomes
17
Q
Ribosomes are found not only in the cytoplasm but also within the organelles _____________ , ____________ and _____________
A
Chloroplasts (in plants)
mitochondria
on Rough endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
18
Q
Animal Cells contains another non-membrane bound organelle called Centrosome- Which helps in _____________
A
Cell Division
19
Q
______________________ is the smallest cells, are only 0.3 micron while bacteria could be 3 to 5 micron
A
Mycoplasma
20
Q
The Largest isolated single cell is the ________________
A
Egg of an Ostrich
21
Q
Human Red blood Cells are about _____________ micron in diameter
A
7.0
22
Q
The ______________ cells are represented by Bacteria, Blue-green algae, mycoplasma and PPLO
A
Prokaryotic
23
Q
Full form of PPLO is -
A
Pleuro Pneumonia like organism
24
Q
The four basic shapes of Bacteria are-
A
i) Bacillus (Rod like)
ii) Cocus (Spherical)
III) Vibrio (Comma Shaped)
iv) Spirillum (Spiral)
25
All prokaryotes have a **Cell Wall** Surrounding the cell membrane except in ___________________
**Mycoplasma**
26
Many bacteria have small **circular DNA** outside the ***Genomic DNA***, These smaller DNA are called ______________
**Plasmids**
27
The **Plasmid DNA** confers certain unique phenotypic character to such bacteria . One such character is resistance to __________________
**Antibiotics**
28
**Nuclear Membrane** is found in _______________ cells
**Eukaryotic**
29
A Specialised differentiated form of **Cell Membrane** called ______________ is characteristics of prokaryotes. They are essentially infoldings of Cell Membrane
**Mesosome**
30
The Cell envelop of **Prokaryotic cell** consists of a tightly bound **three (3)**layered structure, the outer most ____________ followed by **Cell wall** and then **Plasma Membrane**
**Glycocalyx**
31
Those **prokaryotic cells/Bacteria** that take up the **Gram stain** are called ____________ and the other that do not are called ______________
**Gram Positive** (Purple color)
**Gram Negative**(Red color)
32
The _____________ determines the **shape** of the cell and provide a strong structural support to prevent the bacterium from **Bursting or Collapsing**
**Cell Wall**
33
The **Plasma membrane** is ____________________ in nature and interacts with the outside world
**Selectively Permeable**
34
A special membranous structure is the **Mesosome** which is formed by the extension of plasma membrane into the cell, These ex tension are in the form of **Vesicles, tubules and Lamellae** They helps in _________________ formation ,DNA replication and distribution to daughter cells
**Cell Wall**
35
Bacterial Flagellum is composed of three parts - namely
**Filament**
**Hook**
**Basal Body**
36
**50 S** and **30 S** units of **Ribosomes**when presence together form _____________**S** Prokaryotic ribosomes
**70 S**
37
**Ribosomes** are the site of _______________
**Protein Synthesis**
38
Full form of **mRNA**
**Messenger RNA** (abbreviated mRNA)
39
**Several** Ribosomes may attached to a **Single** mRNA and form a chain Called ________________
**Polyribosome or Polysomes**
40
The ribosome of a polysomes translate the mRNA into _________
**Protein**
41
**Gas Vacuoles** are found in ______________ and purple and green Photosynthetic bacteria
**Blue Green**
42
Eukaryotic cells genetic material is organised into __________________
**Chromosomes**
43
Plants and animal cells are different as the **plant cell poses** ___________, _____________________ and a _________________ which are absent in **Animal** Cells
**Cell Walls**
**Plastids**
**Central Vacuole**
44
**Animal cells** have ______________ Which are absent in almost all plant cells
**Centrioles**
45
Cell membrane is mainly composed of **lipids** and **Protiens** the major lipids are ______________ that are arranged in a Bilayer within the membrane with polar head towards the outer side and hydrophobic tail towards the inner part
**Phospholipids**
46
In Human beings , the **membrane** of the Erythrocyte (RBC) has approximately ______% Protein and _______% lipids
**52**
**40**
47
Peripheral Proteins lie on the _______________ of the membrane while **Integral Proteins** are partially or totally buried in the membrane
**Surface**
48
An improved model of the structure of cell membrane was proposed by **Singer and Nicolson (1972)** widely accepted as ______________
**Fluid Mosaic Model**
49
The most important function of the plasma membrane is the transport of the molecules across it, The membrane is ___________________ to some molecules present on either side of it
**Selectively Permeable**
50
Many molecules can move briefly across the membrane without any requirement of energy and this is called ______________ i.e- from Higher concentration to the lower
**Passive Transport**
51
Movement of **Water** by Diffusion is Called _____________
**Osmosis**
52
Some polar molecules cannot pass through the nonpolar lipid bilayer, they required a __________________, A few ions transport across the membrane against their concentration gradient i.e form lower to the higher concentration such a transport is an energy dependent process in which **ATP** is utilised and is called ____________ eg- Na+/K+ pump
**Carrier Protein**
**Active Transport**
53
A **non living** rigid structure Called ___________ form an outer covering for the plasma membrane of fungi and plants
**Cell Wall**
54
Algae have **Cell Wall** made up of
**Cellulose**
**Galactans**
**Mannans**
**Minerals like "Calcium Carbonate"**
55
In plant other than algae Cell wall consists of
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
***Pectin***
Proteins
56
The **middle Lamella** is a layer mainly of ___________ which **holds or glues** the difference neighboring cells together
**Calcium Pectate**
57
The Cell wall and middle lamella may be transversed by _____________ which connects the cytoplasm of neighboring cells
**Plasmodesmata**
58
The membranous organelles are considered together as an endomembrane system because their function are coordinated , The **endomembrane system includes**
i) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
ii)Golgi Complex
III)Lysosomes and Vacuoles
59
**ER**(Endoplasmic Reticulum) divides the intracellular space into two distinct compartments i.e-
i) Luminal (inside ER)
ii) Extra Luminal (Cytoplasm)
60
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bearing **Ribosome** on their surface is called ______________ in the absence of Ribosome are called ________________
**Rough endoplasmic reticulum**(RER)
**Smooth endoplasmic reticulum** (SER)
61
The Rough endoplasmic Reticulum observed in the cells actively involved in _______________________. They are extensive and continuous with the outer membrane of **Nucleus**
**Protein Synthesis and Secretion**
62
The **Smooth endoplasmic reticulum**(SER) is the major site for synthesis of _______________ . In animal cells lipid like **Steroid hormone** are synthesis in **SER**
**Lipids**
63
_____________ first observed densely stained reticular structure near the nucleus. These were later named **Golgi Bodies** after him
Camillo Golgi (1898)
64
Varied number of ______________ are present in Golgi Complex
Cisternae
65
A number of proteins synthesised by ribosome on the endoplasmic reticulum are modified in the ______________ of the Golgi apparatus before they are released from its **Trans** face
**Cisternae**
66
**Golgi apparatus** is the important site of formation of _____________ and ________________
**Glycoprotein**
**Glycolipids**
67
__________ are membrane bound vesicular structure formed by the process of packaging in the **Golgi apparatus**
**Lysosomes**
68
Lysosomal vesicles have been found to be very rich in almost all types of ______________ enzymes, these enzymes are capable of digesting Carbohydrate, protein, lipids and nucleic acid
**hydrolytic**
69
The Vacuole is bound by a **Single membrane** called ___________, vacuoles contain water, sap, excretory product and other materials not useful for the cell
**Tonoplast**
70
In **Amoeba** the **Contractile Vacuole** is important for _____________ and excretion , In many cells , as in **Protists**, food vacuoles are formed by engulfing the food particle
**Osmoregulation**
71
Mitochondria is a **Double membrane** bound structure, The inner compartment filled with a dense homogenous substance called the ________________
**Matrix**
72
Mitochondria inner membrane form anumber of infoldings called ________ towards matrix. This increase the surface area.
**Cristae**
73
Mitochondria are the site of ___________________, They produce cellular energy in the form of __________, hence they are Called **Power house of the Cell**
**Aerobic Respiration**
**ATP**
74
The mitochondria also poses **Single** _____________ **DNA** a few **RNA** molecules, **Ribosomes** (70 S)
Circular
75
**Plastids** are found in all plants cells and in ___________________
**Euglenoids**
76
Based on the type of pigments **plastids** are of how many types -
Chloroplast
chromoplast
leucoplast
77
**Chloroplasts** of the green plants are found in the ___________ cells of the leaves
**Mesophyll**
78
The space limited by the inner membrane of the chloroplast is Called the ___________
**Stroma**
79
A number of organised flattened membranous sacs called the __________ are present in the stroma
**Thylakoids**
80
Thylakoids are arranged in stacks like the piles of coins called____________
Grana (singular: Granum)
81
There are flat membranous tubules called the _____________ connecting the thylakoids of different grana.
**Stroma Lamellae**
82
The **stroma** of the chloroplast contains **enzymes** required for the synthesis of _____________________
**Carbohydrate and Proteins**
83
Stroma also contains small , **double stranded circular** ________ molecules and ____________
DNA
Ribosome
84
**Chlorophyll pigment** are present in the ____________
Thylakoids
85
The **Ribosomes** of the chloroplasts are smaller (70 S) than the **cytoplasmic Ribosome** which is __________
**80 S**
86
**Ribosomes** are the granular structures first observed under the electron microscope as dense particle by _____________ in **1953**
**George Palade**
87
____________ are composed of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) and protein and are not surrounded by any **Membrane**
Ribosomes
88
The **Eukaryotic** Ribosomes are _______ while the Prokaryotic ribosomes are ___________
80 S (60 S larger subunit , 40 S smaller subunit)
70 S (50 S larger subunit , 30 S smaller subunit)
89
Each ribosomes has two subunits, larger and smaller subunits the two subunits of **80 S ribosome** are ________ and ________ while that of **70 S ribosomes** are _____ and _________
60 S, 40 S
50 S, 30 S
90
In ribosomes subunits **"S"** means _______________ stands for sedimentation Coefficient. It is indirectly a measure of **Density and size**
**Svedberg's units**
91
An elaborated networks of filamentous proteinaceous structures consisting of **microtubules**, **microfilament** and **intermediate filaments** present in the cytoplasm is collectively referred to as the _______________
**Cytoskeleton**
92
Flagella are comparatively longer and responsible for _______________
Cell movement
93
Core of Cilium or the Flagellum called ____________
Axoneme
94
The axoneme usually has ___________ doublets of **radially** arranged peripheral microtubules and a **pair** of **Centrally located** **microtubules**
Nine
95
Arrangement of axonemal microtubules is referred to as the __________ array
9+2
96
**Centrosome** is an organelle usually containing **two** cylindrical structure called ________________ both are lie **perpendicular** to each other
Centrioles
97
The centrioles form the **basal body** of **cilia** and **flagella** , and ___________ that give rise to **spindle apparatus** during cell division in **animal cells**
Spindle fibres
98
**Nucleus** as a cell organelle was first described by _________
Robert Brown (1831)
99
The material of the nucleus stained by the **Basic Dyes** was given the name **Chromatin** by _________________
Flemming
100
The interphase nucleus (Nucleus of a cell when it in not dividing) has highly extended and elaborated **Nucleoprotein** fibres called ______________
Chromatin
101
**Electron microscope** has revealed that the nuclear envelop, which consists of **two** parallel membranes with a space between (10 to 50 nm) is called ____________
Perinuclear space
102
Some **mature cells** even lack nucleus eg-
i) **Erythrocytes** (RBC) in mammels
ii) **Sieve tube** cells of Vascular plants
103
The nuclear matrix or the **Nucleoplasm** contains ___________ and ________________
Nucleolus and Chromatin
104
The content of nucleolus is continuous with the rest of the **nucleoplasm** as it in not a ____________ bound Structure
membrane
105
Nucleolus is a site for active ____________ synthesis
Ribosomal RNA
106
During different stages of cell division m cell shows structured ____________ in place of the nucleus
Chromosomes
107
Chromatin contains DNA and some Basic Proteins called _____, some ______________ and also RNA
Histones, Non-histones
108
Human cells has approximately ________ meter long thread of DNA distributed among its Forty six (Twenty three Pairs) Chromosomes
Two (2)
109
Every Chromosome ( Visible only in Dividing Cells) essentially has a primary **Constriction** or the ____________on the side of which disk shaped structures called ______________
centromere
Kinetochores
110
Based on the position of centromere, the chromosome are of 4 types namely-
i) metacentric
ii) Sub metacentric
iii) Acrocentric
iv) Telocentric
111
A few chromosomes have non-staining **secondary constriction** ot a constant location this give the appearance of a small fragment called the_____________
Satellite
