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Biology XI > Chapter 10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

the sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its genome, synthesises the other constituents of the cell and eventulally divides ito two daughter cells is termed ______________

A

Cell Cycle

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2
Q

A typical Eukaryotic cell cycle illustrated by human cells in culture, These cells divide one in approximately every ________ hours

A

24

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3
Q

Yeast can progress through the cell cycle in only about _______ minutes.

A

90 minutes

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4
Q

The cell cycle is divided into two basic phases named as

A

Interphase
M Phase (mitosis phase)

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5
Q

The M Phase represents the phase when the actual cell division or **Mitosis occurs and the ____________ represents the phase between two successive M Phase

A

Interphase

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6
Q

The interphase lasts more than ______% of the duration of Cell Cycle

A

95 %

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7
Q

The M phase starts with the Nuclear Division, corresponding to the separation of daughter chromosome _______________

A

Karyokinesis

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8
Q

The M phase usually ends with division of cytoplasm called _______

A

Cytokinesis

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9
Q

The Interphase also called ____________

A

Resting Phase
The time during which the cell is preparing for division by undergoing both cell growth and DNA replication

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10
Q

The interphase is divided into three further phases

A

G1 phase (Gap 1)
S phase (Synthesis)
G2 phase (Gap 2)

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11
Q

___________ phase the cell is metabolically active and continuously grows but does not replicate its DNA

A

G1 phase

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12
Q

___________________ phase marks the period during which DNA synthesis or replication takes place.

A

S or Synthesis phase

During this time the amount of DNA per cell doubles,
if the initial amount of DNA is denoted as 2C then it increases to 4C

There is no increase in the Chromosome number

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13
Q

During the G2 phase ,____________ are synthesised in preparation for mitosis while cell growth continues

A

Proteins

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14
Q

Some cells in the adult animals do no appear to exhibit division eg-___________

A

Heart Cells

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15
Q

The cells that do not divide further exit G1 phase to enter an inactive stage called __________________

A

Quiescent stage (G0)

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16
Q

In animal, mitotic cell division is only seen in the diploid somatic cell, there are few exceptions to this where haploid cells divide by mitosis example-

A

male honey bees

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17
Q

The __________ can show mitotic division in both haploid and diploid cells

A

Plants

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18
Q

In Mitosis the number of chromosomes in the parent and progeny cells is the same, it is also called as ________________

A

Equational division

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19
Q
A

4 (Four)

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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20
Q

How many chromosomes in onion root tip cells

A

16

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21
Q

Prophase is marked by the Initiation of _______________ of chromosomal material.

A

condensation

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22
Q

The Centrosome, which had undergone duplication during ________ phase of Interphase, begins to move towards opposite poles of the in in Prophase

A

S

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23
Q

The completion of prophase can thus be marked as chromosomal material condenses to for compact mitotic chromosomes, which are composed of ________ attached together at the ___________

A

chromatids

Centromere

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23
Q

Cells at the end of Prophase , when viewed under the microscope , do not show ____________, _______________ ,___________ and _____________

A

Golgi complex
endoplasmic reticulum
nucleolus
nuclear envelop

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24
Q

Condensation of chromosomes is completed and they can be observed clearly under the microscope in _________________, in this stage at which morphology of chromosomes is most easily studied.

A

Metaphase

24
Q

In metaphase chromosome is made up of ________ chromatids.

A

Two sister

25
Q

The metaphase is charaterised by all the chromosomes coming to lie at the Equator , The plane of alignment of the chromosomes is referred as _______________________

A

Metaphase Plate

26
Q

Spindle fibers attached to Kinetochores of chromosomes are key feature of ____________ phase

A

Metaphase

27
Q

Centromere Split and chromatids separate , and movement of chromatids to opposite poles is happen in ______________ phase of mitosis

A

Anaphase

28
Q

Chromosomes cluster at opposite spindle poles and their identity is lost as discrete elements

Nuclear envelop develops around the chromosome clusters at each pole forming two daughter nuclei

nucleolus, golgi complex and ER reforms

all these key events are happen in _____________ phase of mitosis

A

Telophase

29
Q

Mitosis accomplished by segregation of duplicated chromosomes into daughter nuclei called _______________ , and the cell itself is divided into two daughter cells by the separation of cytoplasm called __________________

A

Karyokinesis

Cytokinesis

30
Q

In plant Cells, wall formation starts in the Centre of the cells and grows outward , the formation of new cell wall begins with the formation of a simple Precursor , called the _____________

A

Cell Plate

31
Q

In some Organisms Karyokinesis is not followed by Cytokinesis as a result of which Multinucleate condition arises leading to the formation of _______________

A

Syncytium

eg:- Liquid endosperm of Coconut

32
Q

Mitosis or the equational division is usually restricted to the __________ cells only

A

Deploid

33
Q

__________ usually results in the production of diploid daughter cells with identical genetic complement

A

Mitosis

34
Q

Epidermis, cells of the lining of the gut, and blood cells are being constantly replaced as cell repair by ____________ division. growth of multicellular organisms is also due to this division

A

Mitotic

The Apical and the Lateral Cambium result in a continuous growth of plants throughout their life

35
Q

The specialised kind of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half results in the production of Haploid daughter cells, this kind of division in called _____________

A

Meiosis

36
Q

Meiosis ensures the production of haploid phase in the life cycle of Sexually reproducing organisms whereas ________________ restores the diploid phase.

A

Fertilisation

37
Q

Meiosis happens during ____________________ in Plants and animals, this leads to formation of Haploid Gametes

A

Gametogenesis

38
Q

Meiosis involves two sequential cycles of nuclear and cell division called ___________ and ____________ but only a single cycle of DNA replication

A

Meiosis I
Meiosis II

39
Q

_________ haploid cells are formed at the end of meiosis II

A

4 (four)

40
Q

Meiotic events can be grouped in Meiosis I and Meiosis II , phases are :-

A

Meiosis I
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I

Meiosis II
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II

41
Q

Prophase I is subdivided into the ________ phases based on Chromosomal Behaviour

A

Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Diakineses

42
Q

During _____ stage chromosomes become gradually visible , The compaction of chromosomes continues throughout this phase

A

Leptotene

43
Q

During ___________ stage the chromosomes start pairing together and this process of association is called Synapsis

A

Zygotene

44
Q

Such paired chromosomes in Zygotene phase are called __________

A

Homologous Chromosomes

45
Q

Zygotene stage indicate that chromosome synapsis is accompanied by the formation of Complex structure called _____________

A

Synaptonemal complex

46
Q

The complex formed in Zygotene phase by a pair of synapsed homologous chromosome is called a __________ or __________

A

Bivalent
Tetrad

(these are more clearly visible at the next stage- Pachytene)

47
Q

During ________ stage, the four chromatids of each Bivalent Chromosomes becomes distinct and clearly appears as Tetrad

A

Pachytene

48
Q

_____________ stage is characterised by the appearance of Recombination nodules, the sites at which Crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids of the homologous chromosomes

A

Pachytene

49
Q

Crossing Over is also an enzyme- mediated process and the enzyme involved is called____________

A

Recombinase

crossing over leads to recombination of genetic material on the two chromosomes.

50
Q

____________ stage is recognised by the dissolution of the Synaptonemal complex and the tendency of the recombined homologous chromosomes of the bivalents to separate from each other except at the sites of crossovers. These X-Shaped structures are called ___________

A

Diplotene

Chiasmata

In oocytes of some vertebrates, diplotene can lasts for months or years

51
Q

The final stage of meiotic prophase I is ________________, This is marked by terminalisation of Chiasmata.

A

Diakinesis

52
Q

The bivalent chromosomes align on the equatorial plate and microtubules from the opposite poles of the spindle attach to the kinetochore of homologous chromosomes in _______________ stage of meiosis -I

A

Metaphase I

53
Q

The homologous chromosomes separate , while Sister Chromatids remain associated at their centromeres in ___________ phase

A

Anaphase I

54
Q

In _____________ The nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear, cytokinesis follows ant this is called as Dyad of cells

A

Telophase I

55
Q

The stage between two meiotic division is called ___________________ and is generally short

A

Interkinesis

56
Q

Meiosis II resembles a normal ____________

A

Mitosis

57
Q

_____________ increases the genetic variability in the population of organisms from one generation to the next.

A

Meiosis

58
Q

Any sexually reproducing organism starts its life cycle from a single-celled______________

A

Zygote

59
Q

____________ is Equational division in which the chromosome number of the parent is conserved in the daughter cell, and ______________ is called the Reduction division since it reduces the chromosome number by half while making the Gamete

A

Mitosis

Meiosis

60
Q

In Anaphase I __________________ separate and move to the opposite poles with both their chromatids but in Anaphase II the _______________ separate.

A

**Homologous Chromosome*

Sister chromatids

Biology XI (19 decks)

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