Chapter 16: Excretory products and their Elimination

Question 1

Animals accumulate ammonia, urea, uric acid , carbon dioxide, water and ions like Na⁺ , K⁺ , Cl^-, phosphate, sulphate either by _____________ or by other means like excess __________

Answer 1

Metabolic activity
ingestion

Question 2

___________ , _____________ and _______________ are the major forms of nitrogenous wastes excreted by the animals.

Answer 2

Ammonia
urea
uric acid

Question 3

_____________ is the most toxic form and requires large amount of water for its elimination whereas __________ being the least toxic nitrogenous waste

Answer 3

Ammonia
Uric acid

Question 4

The process of excreting ammonia is __________________. Many Bony fish, aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects are _______________ in nature

Answer 4

Ammonotelism
Ammonotelic

Question 5

Ammonia, as it is readily soluble, is generally excreted by diffusion across body surface or through _____________(in fish) as ammonium ions. Kidneys do not play any significant role in its removal in Bony fish, aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects

Answer 5

Gill surface

Question 6

Mammals, many terrestrial amphibians and marine fishes mainly excrete urea and are called _____________. Ammonia produced by metabolism is converted into urea in the Liver of these animals and released into the blood which is filtered and excreted out by the Kidney

Answer 6

Ureotelic

Question 7

Reptiles , birds, land snails and insects excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of pellet or paste with a minimum loss of water and are called ____________ animals

Answer 7

Uricotelic

Question 8

Protonephridia or Flame cells are the excretory structures in _____________

Answer 8

Platyhelminthes
(Flatworms, eg- Planaria), rotifers
some annelids and cephalochordate- Amphioxus Protonephridia are the primarily concerned with ionic and fluid volume regulations i.e Osmoregulation

Question 9

__________________ are the tubular excretory structures of earthworms and other annelids. ____________ help to remove Nitrogenous wastes and maintain a fluid and ionic balance

Answer 9

Nephridia
Nephridia

Question 10

_________________ are the excretory structures of most of the insects including Cockroaches

Answer 10

Malpighian tubules

Question 11

______________ or green glands perform the excretory function in Crustaceans like Prawns

Answer 11

Antennal glands

Question 12

In humans the excretory system consists of a pair of __________ , one pair of ____________ a urinary bladder and a urethra

Answer 12

Kidney
ureters

Question 13

Each kidney of an adult human measures __________ cm in length
___________ cm in width and _________ cm in thickness with an average weight of ___________ grams

Answer 13

10 - 12
5 - 7
2 - 3

120 - 170

Question 14

Inside the kidney there are two zones, an outer _________ and an inner __________

Answer 14

cortex
medulla

Question 15

the medulla is divided into a few conical masses (_________________)

Answer 15

Medullary pyramids

Question 16

The cortex extends in between the medullary pyramids as ______________ called Columns of Bertini

Answer 16

renal columns

Question 17

each kidney has nearly ________ million complex tubular structures called Nephrons, which are functional unit of kidney

Answer 17

One

Question 18

Each nephron has two parts the ______________ and the _____________

Answer 18

Glomerulus
renal tubule

Question 19

**Glomerulus is a tuft of _______________ formed by the Afferent arteriole a fine branch of renal artery

Answer 19

Capillaries

Question 20

Blood from the glomerulus is carried away by an ________________

Answer 20

efferent arteriole

Question 21

The renal tubules begins with a double walled cup like structure called ____________________, which encloses the glomerulus

Answer 21

Bowman’s capsule

Question 22

Glomerulus alongwith Bowman’s capsule is called _______________

Answer 22

Malpighian body or renal corpuscle

Question 23

The tubules continues further to form a highly coiled network- ________________ (PCT)m, A hairpin shaped ___________ is the next part of the tubule which has a descending and an ascending limb.

Answer 23

Proximal convoluted tubule
Henle’s Loop

Question 24

The ascending limb continues as another highly coiled tubular region called _____________________(DCT)

Answer 24

distal convoluted tubule

Question 25

The **distal convoluted tubule** (DCT) of many nephrons opens into a straight tube called _______________________

Answer 25

**Collecting duct**

Question 26

The **Malpighian corpuscle**, **PCT** and **DCT** of the nephron are situated in the ____________ region of the kidney where as the **loop of Henle** dips into the ______________

Answer 26

**Cortical** **Medulla**

Question 27

In majority of nephrons, the **loop of Henle** is **too short** and extends only **very little** into the medulla, such nephrons are called ________________

Answer 27

**Cortical nephrons**

Question 28

In some nephrons the **loop of Henle** is **very long** and runs deep into the **medulla**. these nephrons are called _______________________

Answer 28

**Juxta medullary nephrons**

Question 29

The efferent arteriole emerging from the glomerulus forms a fine capillary network around the renal tubule called the _______________

Answer 29

**Peritubular capillaries**

Question 30

A vessel of capillary network runs parallel to the **Henle,s loop** forming **U** shaped _________________, which is absent or highly reduced in **Cortical nephrons**

Answer 30

**Vasa recta**

Question 31

Formation of **Urine** involves three main process _________________ , **reabsorption** and **secretion**

Answer 31

**glomerular filtration**

Question 32

The first step in urine formation is the __________________, which is carried out by the glomerulus and is called **glomerular filteration**

Answer 32

**filtration of blood**

Question 33

____________ ml of **blood** is **filtered** by the kidneys per **minute**, which constitute roughly **1/5^th** of the blood pumped out by each ventricle of the heart in a **minute**

Answer 33

**1100-1200**

Question 34

The glomerular ____________ blood pressure causes filtration of blood through 3 layers **endothelium** of glomerular blood vessels, the **epithelium** of Bowman's capture and a **basement membrane** between these two layers

Answer 34

**Capillary**

Question 35

The **epithelial cells** of **Bowman's capsule** called _______________ are arranged in manner so as to leave some minute space called _________________ or **slit pores**

Answer 35

**Podocytes** **filtration slits**

Question 36

Blood is filtered so finely through the membrane, that almost all the constituents of the **plasma** except the _______________ pass onto the lumen of the **Bowman's capsule**, therefore, it is considered as a process of _____________________

Answer 36

**ultra filtration**

Question 37

The amount of **filtrate** formed by the kidneys per minute is called ___________________, which value in a healthy individual is ____________**ml/minute** i.e 180 litres per day

Answer 37

**glomerular filtration rate** (GFR) **125**ml/min

Question 38

The kidney have a built in mechanisms for the regulation of **glomerular filtration rate** (GFR) , which is carried out by ________________________ (JGA)

Answer 38

**Juxta glomerular apparatus** (JGA)

Question 39

**JGA** is a sensitive region formed by cellular modification in the ____________________ and the _________________ arteriole at the **location of their contact**

Answer 39

**Distal convoluted tubule** **Afferent** arteriole

Question 40

A fall in **glomerular filtration rate** (GFR) can activate the **Juxta glomerular** (JG) cells to release _______________ which can stimulate the glomerular blood flow and there by the **GFR** back to normal

Answer 40

**Renin**

Question 41

Comparing the filtrate formed per day 180 litres per day with that of the urine released (1.5 liters) , nearly 99% of the filtrate has to be reabsorbed by the renal tubules. This process is called _________________

Answer 41

**reabsorption**

Question 42

Glucose, amino acids, Na⁺ in the filtrate are reabsorbed ___________________ whereas the **Nitrogenous wastes** are absorbed by _____________ transport

Answer 42

**Actively** **Passive**

Question 43

During **urine** formation the **tubular cells** secrete substance like H⁺,K⁺ and **ammonia** into the filtrate which helps in the maintenance of ____________ and acid base balance

Answer 43

**ionic**

Question 44

PCT(**Proximal convoluted tubule**) is lined by ______________ cuboidal brush border **epithelium** which increases the surface area for reabsorption

Answer 44

**Simple**

Question 45

___________ % of electrolytes and water are reabsorbed by PCT(**Proximal convoluted tubule**)

Answer 45

**70-80**

Question 46

PCT(**Proximal convoluted tubule**) also helps to maintain the ___________ and **ionic balance** of the body fluids by **selective secretion** of **hydrogen ions** and **ammonia** into the filtrate and by absorption of _______________ from it

Answer 46

**pH** **HCO₃^-**

Question 47

The **descending** limb of **loop of Henle** is permeable to _____________ but almost impermeable to electrolytes

Answer 47

**water**

Question 48

The **ascending** limb of **loop of Henle** is **impermeable** to _____________ but allows transport of electrolytes actively or passively

Answer 48

**water**

Question 49

**Conditional reabsorption** of **Na⁺** and **water** takes place in _________________, and its also capable of reabsorption of **HCO₃^-** to maintain the pH and **sodium potassium** balance in blood

Answer 49

**DCT** (distal convoluted tubule)

Question 50

________________ is long duct extends from the cortex of the kidney to the inner parts of the medulla, Large amount of water could be reabsorbed from this region to produce a concentrated **urine**. This segment allows passage of small amount of ___________ into the medullary interstitium to keep up the **osmolarity**

Answer 50

**Collecting Duct** **Urea**

Question 51

Mammals have the ability to produce a concentrated urine, the ______________________ and _______________ play a significant role.

Answer 51

**loop of henle** **Vasa recta**

Question 52

The proximity between the **Henle's loop** and **vasa recta**, as well as the counter current in them help in maintaining an increasing **osmolarity** towards the __________________

Answer 52

**inner medullary interstitium**

Question 53

In cortex the osmolarity is _______________ mOsmolL^- In inner medulla the osmolarity is ____________ mOsmolL^- This gradient is mainly caused by **NaCl** and **urea**

Answer 53

**300**mOsmolL^- **1200**mOsmolL^-

Question 54

**NaCl** is transported by the ascending limb of **Henle's loop** which is exchanged with the ________________ limb of ***vasa recta***

Answer 54

**descending**

Question 55

The transport of substances facilitated by the special arrangement of **Henle's loop** and **vasa recta** is called the ____________________________________

Answer 55

**counter current mechanism**

Question 56

Human kidneys can produce urine nearly _____________ times concentrated than the initial filtrate formed

Answer 56

**four**

Question 57

The function of the kidneys is **efficiently monitored** and regulated by **hormonal feedback mechanisms** involving the _______________, **JGA** and to a certain extent , the _____________

Answer 57

**hypothalamus** **heart**

Question 58

_________________ in the body are activated by changes in **blood volume**, **body fluid volume** and **ionic concentration**

Answer 58

**Osmoreceptors**

Question 59

An excessive loss of fluid from the body can activate **Osmoreceptors** which stimulate the **hypothalamus** to release _____________________ or **vasopressin** from the **neurohypophysis**

Answer 59

**antidiuretic hormone** (ADH)

Question 60

**ADH** can also affect the kidney function by its constrictory effects on blood vessels. This causes an increase in blood pressure. An increase in blood pressure can increase the **glomerular blood flow** and thereby the _________________

Answer 60

**Glomerular filtration rate** (GFR)

Question 61

A fall in glomerular blood flow/glomerular blood pressure/GFR can activate the **juxta glomerular (JG)** cells to release ____________ which converts **angiotensinogen** in blood to _______________ and further to **angiotensin II**

Answer 61

**renin** **Angiotensin I**

Question 62

___________________ is a powerful vasoconstrictor, increases the glomerular blood pressure and there by **GFR**

Answer 62

**Angiotensin II**

Question 63

**Angiotensin II** also activates the adrenal cortex to release ____________________

Answer 63

**Aldosterone**

Question 64

**Aldosterone** cause reabsorption of Na⁺ and water from the ______________parts of the **tubule**. This leads to an increase in blood pressure and GFR.

Answer 64

**Distal**

Question 65

The complex mechanism of **Renin, angiotensinogen , angiotensin I ,angiotensin II** and **Aldosterone** is generally known as the _______________ mechanism

Answer 65

**Renin - Angiotensin**

Question 66

An increase in blood flow to the atria of the heart can cause the release of ______________________, which can cause vasodilation (dilation of blood vessels) and thereby decrease the blood pressure, therefore it acts as a check on the **renin - angiotensin** mechanism

Answer 66

**Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)**

Question 67

The process of release of urine is called _________________ and the neural mechanisms causing it is called ___________________

Answer 67

**Micturition** **Micturition reflex**

Question 68

An adult human excretes, on an average, ______ to ________ litres of urine per day, which is slightly acidic with pH __________

Answer 68

**1 to 1.5** **pH - 6.0**

Question 69

On an average, _________ **gm** of **urea** is excreted out **per day**

Answer 69

**25-30**

Question 70

Presence of ______________ and _____________ bodies in urine are indicative of **diabetes mellitus**

Answer 70

**Glucose** (Glycosuria) **Ketone bodies** (Ketonuria)

Question 71

Our lungs remove large amount of **CO** approximately _________ml/minute

Answer 71

**200**

Question 72

Sweat produced by the ___________ gland is a watery fluid containing **NaCl**, small amounts of **Urea**, **lactic acid**

Answer 72

**Sweat gland** The primary function of sweat is to facilitate a cooling effect on the body surface

Question 72

The largest gland ___________ in our body secretes bile- containing substances like **Bilirubin**, **Biliverdin**, **cholesterol**, **degraded steroid hormones**, **vitamins** and **drugs**

Answer 72

**Liver**

Question 73

_______________ glands eliminate certain substances like **sterols, hydrocarbons and waxes** through **sebum**

Answer 73

**Sebaceous**

Question 74

Malfunctioning of **Kidneys** can leads to accumulation of urea in **blood**, a condition called ____________ which is highly harmful and may lead to **kidney failure**. In such patients, urea can by removed by a process called _________________

Answer 74

**Uremia** **Hemodialysis**

Question 75

During the process of hemodialysis, the blood drained from a convenient **artery** is pumped into a dialysing unit called _____________

Answer 75

**artificial kidney**

Question 76

Blood drained from a convenient **artery** is pumped into a dialysing unit after **adding** an **anticoagulant** like _____________

Answer 76

**heparin**

Question 77

The cleared blood is pumped back to the body through a **Vein** after adding ____________ to it

Answer 77

**anti-heparin**

Question 78

Kidnwy transplantation is the ultimate method in the correction of acute ___________________

Answer 78

**renal failures** (Kidney failure)

Question 79

**Stone** or **insoluble mass of crystallised salts** (oxalates) formed within the kidney is called

Answer 79

**Renal Calculi**

Question 80

___________________ is the Inflammation of **glomeruli** of kidney

Answer 80

**Glomerulonephritis**