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Biology XI > Chapter 16: Excretory products and their Elimination > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Excretory products and their Elimination Flashcards

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1
Q

Animals accumulate ammonia, urea, uric acid , carbon dioxide, water and ions like Na+ , K+ , Cl-, phosphate, sulphate either by _____________ or by other means like excess __________

A

Metabolic activity
ingestion

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2
Q

___________ , _____________ and _______________ are the major forms of nitrogenous wastes excreted by the animals.

A

Ammonia
urea
uric acid

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3
Q

_____________ is the most toxic form and requires large amount of water for its elimination whereas __________ being the least toxic nitrogenous waste

A

Ammonia
Uric acid

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4
Q

The process of excreting ammonia is __________________. Many Bony fish, aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects are _______________ in nature

A

Ammonotelism
Ammonotelic

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5
Q

Ammonia, as it is readily soluble, is generally excreted by diffusion across body surface or through _____________(in fish) as ammonium ions. Kidneys do not play any significant role in its removal in Bony fish, aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects

A

Gill surface

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6
Q

Mammals, many terrestrial amphibians and marine fishes mainly excrete urea and are called _____________. Ammonia produced by metabolism is converted into urea in the Liver of these animals and released into the blood which is filtered and excreted out by the Kidney

A

Ureotelic

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7
Q

Reptiles , birds, land snails and insects excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of pellet or paste with a minimum loss of water and are called ____________ animals

A

Uricotelic

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8
Q

Protonephridia or Flame cells are the excretory structures in _____________

A

Platyhelminthes
(Flatworms, eg- Planaria), rotifers
some annelids and cephalochordate- Amphioxus Protonephridia are the primarily concerned with ionic and fluid volume regulations i.e Osmoregulation

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9
Q

__________________ are the tubular excretory structures of earthworms and other annelids. ____________ help to remove Nitrogenous wastes and maintain a fluid and ionic balance

A

Nephridia
Nephridia

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10
Q

_________________ are the excretory structures of most of the insects including Cockroaches

A

Malpighian tubules

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11
Q

______________ or green glands perform the excretory function in Crustaceans like Prawns

A

Antennal glands

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12
Q

In humans the excretory system consists of a pair of __________ , one pair of ____________ a urinary bladder and a urethra

A

Kidney
ureters

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13
Q

Each kidney of an adult human measures __________ cm in length
___________ cm in width and _________ cm in thickness with an average weight of ___________ grams

A

10 - 12
5 - 7
2 - 3

120 - 170

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14
Q

Inside the kidney there are two zones, an outer _________ and an inner __________

A

cortex
medulla

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15
Q

the medulla is divided into a few conical masses (_________________)

A

Medullary pyramids

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16
Q

The cortex extends in between the medullary pyramids as ______________ called Columns of Bertini

A

renal columns

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17
Q

each kidney has nearly ________ million complex tubular structures called Nephrons, which are functional unit of kidney

A

One

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18
Q

Each nephron has two parts the ______________ and the _____________

A

Glomerulus
renal tubule

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19
Q

**Glomerulus is a tuft of _______________ formed by the Afferent arteriole a fine branch of renal artery

A

Capillaries

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20
Q

Blood from the glomerulus is carried away by an ________________

A

efferent arteriole

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21
Q

The renal tubules begins with a double walled cup like structure called ____________________, which encloses the glomerulus

A

Bowman’s capsule

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22
Q

Glomerulus alongwith Bowman’s capsule is called _______________

A

Malpighian body or renal corpuscle

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23
Q

The tubules continues further to form a highly coiled network- ________________ (PCT)m, A hairpin shaped ___________ is the next part of the tubule which has a descending and an ascending limb.

A

Proximal convoluted tubule
Henle’s Loop

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24
Q

The ascending limb continues as another highly coiled tubular region called _____________________(DCT)

A

distal convoluted tubule

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25
Q

The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of many nephrons opens into a straight tube called _______________________

A

Collecting duct

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26
Q

The Malpighian corpuscle, PCT and DCT of the nephron are situated in the ____________ region of the kidney where as the loop of Henle dips into the ______________

A

Cortical
Medulla

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27
Q

In majority of nephrons, the loop of Henle is too short and extends only very little into the medulla, such nephrons are called ________________

A

Cortical nephrons

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28
Q

In some nephrons the loop of Henle is very long and runs deep into the medulla. these nephrons are called _______________________

A

Juxta medullary nephrons

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29
Q

The efferent arteriole emerging from the glomerulus forms a fine capillary network around the renal tubule called the _______________

A

Peritubular capillaries

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30
Q

A vessel of capillary network runs parallel to the Henle,s loop forming U shaped _________________, which is absent or highly reduced in Cortical nephrons

A

Vasa recta

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31
Q

Formation of Urine involves three main process _________________ , reabsorption and secretion

A

glomerular filtration

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32
Q

The first step in urine formation is the __________________, which is carried out by the glomerulus and is called glomerular filteration

A

filtration of blood

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33
Q

____________ ml of blood is filtered by the kidneys per minute, which constitute roughly 1/5th of the blood pumped out by each ventricle of the heart in a minute

A

1100-1200

34
Q

The glomerular ____________ blood pressure causes filtration of blood through 3 layers
endothelium of glomerular blood vessels, the epithelium of Bowman’s capture and a basement membrane between these two layers

A

Capillary

35
Q

The epithelial cells of Bowman’s capsule called _______________ are arranged in manner so as to leave some minute space called _________________ or slit pores

A

Podocytes

filtration slits

36
Q

Blood is filtered so finely through the membrane, that almost all the constituents of the plasma except the _______________ pass onto the lumen of the Bowman’s capsule, therefore, it is considered as a process of _____________________

A

ultra filtration

37
Q

The amount of filtrate formed by the kidneys per minute is called ___________________, which value in a healthy individual is ____________ml/minute i.e 180 litres per day

A

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

125ml/min

38
Q

The kidney have a built in mechanisms for the regulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) , which is carried out by ________________________ (JGA)

A

Juxta glomerular apparatus (JGA)

39
Q

JGA is a sensitive region formed by cellular modification in the ____________________ and the _________________ arteriole at the location of their contact

A

Distal convoluted tubule

Afferent arteriole

40
Q

A fall in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can activate the Juxta glomerular (JG) cells to release _______________ which can stimulate the glomerular blood flow and there by the GFR back to normal

A

Renin

41
Q

Comparing the filtrate formed per day 180 litres per day with that of the urine released (1.5 liters) , nearly 99% of the filtrate has to be reabsorbed by the renal tubules. This process is called _________________

A

reabsorption

42
Q

Glucose, amino acids, Na+ in the filtrate are reabsorbed ___________________ whereas the Nitrogenous wastes are absorbed by _____________ transport

A

Actively
Passive

43
Q

During urine formation the tubular cells secrete substance like H+,K+ and ammonia into the filtrate which helps in the maintenance of ____________ and acid base balance

A

ionic

44
Q

PCT(Proximal convoluted tubule) is lined by ______________ cuboidal brush border epithelium which increases the surface area for reabsorption

A

Simple

45
Q

___________ % of electrolytes and water are reabsorbed by PCT(Proximal convoluted tubule)

A

70-80

46
Q

PCT(Proximal convoluted tubule) also helps to maintain the ___________ and ionic balance of the body fluids by selective secretion of hydrogen ions and ammonia into the filtrate and by absorption of _______________ from it

A

pH

HCO3-

47
Q

The descending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to _____________ but almost impermeable to electrolytes

A

water

48
Q

The ascending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to _____________ but allows transport of electrolytes actively or passively

A

water

49
Q

Conditional reabsorption of Na+ and water takes place in _________________, and its also capable of reabsorption of HCO3- to maintain the pH and sodium potassium balance in blood

A

DCT (distal convoluted tubule)

50
Q

________________ is long duct extends from the cortex of the kidney to the inner parts of the medulla, Large amount of water could be reabsorbed from this region to produce a concentrated urine.
This segment allows passage of small amount of ___________ into the medullary interstitium to keep up the osmolarity

A

Collecting Duct

Urea

51
Q

Mammals have the ability to produce a concentrated urine, the ______________________ and _______________ play a significant role.

A

loop of henle
Vasa recta

52
Q

The proximity between the Henle’s loop and vasa recta, as well as the counter current in them help in maintaining an increasing osmolarity towards the __________________

A

inner medullary interstitium

53
Q

In cortex the osmolarity is _______________ mOsmolL-
In inner medulla the osmolarity is ____________ mOsmolL-

This gradient is mainly caused by NaCl and urea

A

300mOsmolL-

1200mOsmolL-

54
Q

NaCl is transported by the ascending limb of Henle’s loop which is exchanged with the ________________ limb of vasa recta

A

descending

55
Q

The transport of substances facilitated by the special arrangement of Henle’s loop and vasa recta is called the ____________________________________

A

counter current mechanism

56
Q

Human kidneys can produce urine nearly _____________ times concentrated than the initial filtrate formed

A

four

57
Q

The function of the kidneys is efficiently monitored and regulated by hormonal feedback mechanisms involving the _______________, JGA and to a certain extent , the _____________

A

hypothalamus
heart

58
Q

_________________ in the body are activated by changes in blood volume, body fluid volume and ionic concentration

A

Osmoreceptors

59
Q

An excessive loss of fluid from the body can activate Osmoreceptors which stimulate the hypothalamus to release _____________________ or vasopressin from the neurohypophysis

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

60
Q

ADH can also affect the kidney function by its constrictory effects on blood vessels. This causes an increase in blood pressure. An increase in blood pressure can increase the glomerular blood flow and thereby the _________________

A

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

61
Q

A fall in glomerular blood flow/glomerular blood pressure/GFR can activate the juxta glomerular (JG) cells to release ____________ which converts angiotensinogen in blood to _______________ and further to angiotensin II

A

renin
Angiotensin I

62
Q

___________________ is a powerful vasoconstrictor, increases the glomerular blood pressure and there by GFR

A

Angiotensin II

63
Q

Angiotensin II also activates the adrenal cortex to release ____________________

A

Aldosterone

64
Q

Aldosterone cause reabsorption of Na+ and water from the ______________parts of the tubule. This leads to an increase in blood pressure and GFR.

A

Distal

65
Q

The complex mechanism of Renin, angiotensinogen , angiotensin I ,angiotensin II and Aldosterone is generally known as the _______________ mechanism

A

Renin - Angiotensin

66
Q

An increase in blood flow to the atria of the heart can cause the release of ______________________, which can cause vasodilation (dilation of blood vessels) and thereby decrease the blood pressure, therefore it acts as a check on the renin - angiotensin mechanism

A

Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)

67
Q

The process of release of urine is called _________________ and the neural mechanisms causing it is called ___________________

A

Micturition

Micturition reflex

68
Q

An adult human excretes, on an average, ______ to ________ litres of urine per day, which is slightly acidic with pH __________

A

1 to 1.5

pH - 6.0

69
Q

On an average, _________ gm of urea is excreted out per day

A

25-30

70
Q

Presence of ______________ and _____________ bodies in urine are indicative of diabetes mellitus

A

Glucose (Glycosuria)

Ketone bodies (Ketonuria)

71
Q

Our lungs remove large amount of CO<sub<2</sub> approximately _________ml/minute

A

200

72
Q

Sweat produced by the ___________ gland is a watery fluid containing NaCl, small amounts of Urea, lactic acid

A

Sweat gland

The primary function of sweat is to facilitate a cooling effect on the body surface

72
Q

The largest gland ___________ in our body secretes bile- containing substances like Bilirubin, Biliverdin, cholesterol, degraded steroid hormones, vitamins and drugs

A

Liver

73
Q

_______________ glands eliminate certain substances like sterols, hydrocarbons and waxes through sebum

A

Sebaceous

74
Q

Malfunctioning of Kidneys can leads to accumulation of urea in blood, a condition called ____________ which is highly harmful and may lead to kidney failure. In such patients, urea can by removed by a process called _________________

A

Uremia

Hemodialysis

75
Q

During the process of hemodialysis, the blood drained from a convenient artery is pumped into a dialysing unit called _____________

A

artificial kidney

76
Q

Blood drained from a convenient artery is pumped into a dialysing unit after adding an anticoagulant like _____________

A

heparin

77
Q

The cleared blood is pumped back to the body through a Vein after adding ____________ to it

A

anti-heparin

78
Q

Kidnwy transplantation is the ultimate method in the correction of acute ___________________

A

renal failures (Kidney failure)

79
Q

Stone or insoluble mass of crystallised salts (oxalates) formed within the kidney is called

A

Renal Calculi

80
Q

___________________ is the Inflammation of glomeruli of kidney

A

Glomerulonephritis

Biology XI (19 decks)

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