Chapter 18: Neural Control and Coordination

Question 1

_____________ is the process through which two or more organs interact and complement the functions of one another

Answer 1

Coordination

Question 2

The ___________ system provides an organised network of point-to-point connections for a quick coordination. The ______________ system provides chemical integration through Hormones

Answer 2

Neural system

Endocrine system

Question 3

The neural system of all animals is composed of highly specialised cells called _____________ which can detect, receive and transmit different kinds of stimuli.

Answer 3

neurons

Question 4

In hydra neural system is composed of a network of ____________

Answer 4

neurons

Question 5

The neural system is better organised in insects, where a __________ is present along with a number of ganglia and neural tissues

Answer 5

Brain

Question 6

The human neural system is divided into two parts
1. CNS or ________________________
2.PNS or __________________________

Answer 6

Central neural system

Peripheral neural system

Question 7

The CNS (Central neural system) includes Brain and the ___________ and is the site of information processing and control.

Answer 7

Spinal cord

Question 8

The PNS comprises of all the ___________ of the body associated with the CNS (brain and Spinal cord)

Answer 8

Nerves

Question 9

Their are two types of nerve fibers of the PNS (Peripheral neural system)
1.___________
2. ___________

Answer 9

Afferent fibers

Efferent fibers

Note:- notice the direction of information flow in picture

Question 10

The _____________ nerve fibers transmit impulse from tissues/organs to the CNS and the ____________ fibers transmit regulatory impulse from the CNS to the concerned peripheral tissue/organs.

Answer 10

Afferent nerve fibers

Efferent nerve fibers

Question 11

The PNS is divided into two division i.e.

1.____________
2.____________

Answer 11

Somatic neural system

autonomic neural system

Question 12

The Somatic neural system relays impulses from the CNS to _________________ muscles while the autonomic neural system transmits impulses from the CNS to the _____________ organs and smooth muscles of the body.

Answer 12

Skeletal muscles

involuntary organs

Question 13

The autonomic neural system is further classified into

1.______________
2.______________

Answer 13

Sympathetic neural system (fight or flight)

Parasympathetic neural system (rest and relaxation)

Question 14

_____________ nervous system is the part of peripheral nervous system by which impulses travel from the CNS to the viscera and from the viscera to CNS

Answer 14

Visceral nervous system

note:-
Viscera-The soft internal organs of the body, including the lungs, the heart, and the organs of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems.

Question 15

A neuron is a microscopic structure composed of three major parts, namely

1.____________
2.____________
3.____________

Answer 15

1. Cell body
2. dendrites
3. Axon

Question 16

The Cell body contains cytoplasm with typical cell organelles and certain granular bodies called _________________

Answer 16

Nissl’s granules

Question 17

Short fibers which branch repeatedly and project out of the Cell body also contains Nissl’s granules and are called ______________ , These fibers transmit impulses towards the cell body.

Answer 17

Dendrites

Question 18

The axon is a long fiber, the distal end of which is branched. Each branch terminates as a bulb-like structure called _____________ which possess synaptic vesicles containing chemicals called _______________________

Answer 18

Synaptic knob

neurotransmitters

note:- The axon transmit nerve impulses away from the cell body to a synapse or to a neuro-muscular junction

Question 19

The neuron are divided into three types based on the number of axon and dendrites are:-

1. with one axon and two or more dendrites called ______
2. with one axon and one dendrite called ______________
3. Cell body with one axon only called ___________

Answer 19

Multipolar (found in cerebral cortex)
Bipolar (found in retina of eye)
unipolar (found in the embryonic stage)

note: watch diagram carefully , might be the question can ask for recognizing the neuron of given figure.

Question 20

There are two types of axons, namely ____________ and ____________

Answer 20

myelinated

non-myelinated

Question 21

The Myelinated nerve fibers are enveloped with __________ cells. which form a myelin sheath around the axon.

Answer 21

Schwann cells

Question 22

The gaps between two adjacent myelin sheaths are called _____________

Answer 22

nodes of Ranvier

Question 23

myelinated nerve fibers are found in ___________ and __________ nerves

Answer 23

spinal
cranial

Question 24

unmyelinated nerve fiber is enclosed by a Schwann cell that does not form a _______________ around the axon, is commonly found in autonomous and the _________________

Answer 24

Myelin sheath

somatic neural systems

Question 25

Different types of **icon Channels** are present on the **neural membrane**. these ion channels are _____________ permeable to different ions.

Answer 25

**Selectively permeable**

Question 26

When a **neuron** is not conducting any impulse i.e., **resting**, the axonal membrane is comparatively more permeable to ___________ ions and nearly **impermeable** to ____________ ions. similarly, the membrane is **impermeable** to **negatively charged proteins** present in the **axoplasm**

Answer 26

**potassium ion** (K⁺) **sodium ion** (Na⁺)

Question 27

The ionic gradients across the **resting membrane** are maintained by the active transport of ions by the _______________ pump which transports **3** (Na⁺) outwards for **2** (K⁺) into the cell

Answer 27

**sodium-potassium** pump Note: due to 3 sodium outward and 2 potassium inward in **resting phase** axonal membrane possess a **positive** charge in outer surface and **negative** charge in inner surface, therefore is **polarised**

Question 28

The **electrical potential difference** across the **resting plasma membrane** is called as the __________________

Answer 28

**Resting potential**

Question 29

When a stimulus is applied at a **site** on the polarised membrane, the membrane at that site becomes freely permeable to N⁺ ion. this leads to a rapid **influx** of N⁺ followed by the **reversal** of the **polarity** at that site is called _________________

Answer 29

**action potential** (nerve impulse)

Question 30

The current flows on the inner surface of axon from action potential to _________________

Answer 30

**Resting potential** Note:- outer surface current flows from resting potential to action potential

Question 31

A **nerve impulse**(action potential) is transmitted from one neuron to another through junction called _______________

Answer 31

**Synapses** (**synapse** is formed by the membranes of a **pre-synaptic neuron** and a **post-synaptic neuron**)

Question 32

**pre-synaptic neuron** and a **post-synaptic neuron**, may or may not be separated by a **gap** called ________________

Answer 32

**synaptic cleft**

Question 33

There are two types of **synapses** 1. ___________________ 2. ___________________

Answer 33

1. **Electrical synapses** 2. **Chemical synapses** Note:- in **electrical synapses** the membranes of pre- and post-synaptic neurons are in very close poximity.

Question 34

Impulse transmission across an **electric synapse** is always ___________ than that across a **chemical synapse.

Answer 34

**Faster** Note:- **Electrical synapses** are rare in our body.

Question 35

In **Chemical synapse**, chemicals called __________________ are involved in the transmission of impulses at these synapses. The axon terminals contain **vesicles** filled with these chemicals.

Answer 35

**Neurotransmitters**

Question 36

The released **neurotransmitter** in the **synaptic cleft** bind to their specific _________________, present on the **post-synaptic membrane**

Answer 36

**Receptors**

Question 37

The ___________ is the central information processing organ of our body, and acts as the **'command and control system'**

Answer 37

**Brain**

Question 38

The human brain is well protected by the **skull**, inside the skull the brain is covered by _______________ (consisting three layer)

Answer 38

**Cranial meninges**

Question 39

**Cranial meninges** constitute three layers 1. Outer layer is called ___________ 2. very thin middle layer is called _____________ 3. Inner layer which is in contact with the brain tissue called _________

Answer 39

1. **Dura mater** 2. **arachnoid** 3. **pia mater**

Question 40

The **brain** can be divided into three major parts 1.**forebrain** 2.**midbrain** 3._____________

Answer 40

**Hindbrain**

Question 41

The **forebrain** consists of __________ , ___________ and ________________

Answer 41

**cerebrum** **thalamus** **hypothalamus**

Question 42

**Cerebrum** forms the major part of the **human brain**. A deep cleft divides the **cerebrum** longitudinally into **two halves**, which are termed as the **left** and **right** ________________

Answer 42

**cerebral hemispheres**

Question 43

The **hemispheres** are connected by a tract of nerve fibers called _______________________

Answer 43

**Corpus callosum**

Question 44

The layer of cells originated from **copus callosum** which covers the cerebral hemisphere is called ______________ and is thrown into prominent folds.

Answer 44

**Cerebral cortex** Note:- **Cerebral cortex** is referred to as the **grey matter** due to its greyish appearance.

Question 45

The cerebral cortex contains motor areas, sensory areas and large regions that are neither clearly sensory nor motor in function. These regions called as the _____________________ **area** are responsible for **complex functions** like **intersensory associations, memory and communication.**

Answer 45

**association areas**

Question 46

Fibres of the tracts are covered with the _________ sheath, which constitute the inner part of cerebral hemisphere. They give an opaque white appearance to the layer and hence, is called the **white matter**

Answer 46

**Myelin sheath**

Question 47

The cerebrum **wrap** around a structure called __________________ which is a major coordinating centre for **sensory** and **motor signaling**. Another very important part of the brian called _______________ lies at the base of the **Thalamus**

Answer 47

**Thalamus** **Hypothalamus**

Question 48

The ______________ contains a number of centers which control **body temperature** , **urge for eating** and **drinking**. It also contains several groups of neurosecretory cells, which secrete hormones called **Hypothalamic hormones**

Answer 48

**Hypothalamus**

Question 49

A group of associated deep structures like **amygdala**, **hippocampus** etc., form a complex structure called the ________ **lobe** or ____________ **system**

Answer 49

**limbic lobe** or **limbic system** Note:- a watch on which structure relates to emotions and other behaviours. like memory

Question 50

The mid brain is located between the **thalamus/hypothalamus** of the **forebrain** and ______________ of the **hindbrain**.

Answer 50

**pons**

Question 51

A canal called the ___________ passes through the **midbrain**.

Answer 51

**Cerebral aqueduct**

Question 52

The dorsal portion of the **midbrain** consists mainly of **four** round swellings(lobes) called ________________

Answer 52

**corpora quadrigemina**

Question 53

The **hindbrain** consist of __________ , ____________ and ___________ .

Answer 53

**Pons** **cerebellum** **medulla** (also called **medulla oblongata**)

Question 54

The medulla of the brain is connected to the ___________. The medulla contains centres which control **respiration**, **cardiovascular reflexes** and **gastric secretions**

Answer 54

**Spinal cord**

Question 55

**Three** major regions make up the **brain stem** 1. _____________ 2. ____________ 3. ____________

Answer 55

1. **Mid brain** 2. **pons** 3. ** medulla oblongata** note: - Brain stem is an important question part so remember it

Question 56

**Brain stem** forms the connections between the **Brain** and _____________

Answer 56

**spinal cord**