Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering Plants Flashcards
KATHERINE ESAU was born in ___________ in 1898
Ukraine
_______________ is published by Katherine esau in 1954 took a dynamic developmental approach designed to enhance one’s understanding of plant structure and an enormous impact worldwide.
Plant Anatomy
The ____________________ by Katherine Esau was published in 1960. It was referred to as Webster of plant biology - it is encyclopediac
Anatomy of Seed Plants
In 1957 Katherine Esau was elected to the _____________________, becoming the sixth woman to receive that honour
National Academy of Science
______________ received the National Medal of Science from president George Bush in 1989
Kathrine Esau
(1898 - 1997)
The external structure or ________________, are all characterised by presence of roots, stems, leaves, flower, fruits.
Morphology
The Underground part of the flowering plants is the ___________ while the portion above the ground forms the _____________
Root System
Shoot System
In Majority of the dicotyledonous plants, the direct elongation of the ______________ leads to the formation of Primary root which grows inside the soil.
Radicle
Primary root bears lateral roots of several orders that are referred to as ____________ and ________________
secondary roots
tertiary roots
The primary roots and its branched constitute the _________________ system
Tap root system
In monocotyledonous plants, the primary root is short lived and is replaced by a large number of roots. These roots originate from the base of the stem and constitute the ______________________ sytem
Fibrous root system
(Wheat plant)
In some plants , like grass, Monstera and the Banyan tree, roots arise from parts of the plant other than the radicle are called ________________ roots
Adventitious roots
The root is covered at the apex by a thimble-like structure called the ________________
Root Cap
A few millimeters above the Root Cap is the region of ______________ activity. The cells of this region are very small, thin walled and with dense protoplasm. They divide repeatedly
Meristematic
The cells above to the region of meristematic activity undergo rapid elongation and enlargement and are responsible for the growth of the root Length , this region is called the _______________
Region of elongation
The cells of the elongation zone gradually differentiate and Mature. hence the zone just above to region of elongation is called the region of ____________
Maturation
From the Region of maturation some of the epidermal cells form very fine and delicate, thread-like structures called ________________ these structures absorb water and minerals from the soil
Root hairs
root hairs absorb water and minerals from the soil
The Stem is the ascending part of the axis bearing branches , leaves, flower and fruits. It develops from the ______________ of the embryo of a germinating seed.
Plumule
The region of the stem where leaves are born are called ___________ while ___________ are the portions between two __________
Nodes
Internodes
Nodes
Leaves originate from the _____________ and are arranged in an acropetal order.
Apical meristems
Acropetal order is a flower arrangement in which the new leaves are at the top, and the older leaves are at the bottom
A typical leaf consists of three main parts
leaf base , petiole and _____________
Lamina
The leaf is attached to the stem by the ___________ and may bear two lateral small leaf like structures called __________.
Leaf Base
Stipules
In Monocotyledons, the leaf base expands into a _______________ covering the stem partially or wholly
Sheath
In Leguminous plants the leaf base may become swollen, which is called the ___________
Pulvinus
The lamina or the __________ is the green expanded part of the leaf with veins and veinlets, there is a middle prominent vein, which is known as __________
leaf blade
midrib
The arrangement of veins and the veinlets in the lamina of leaf is termed as _____________
Venation
When the veinlets form a network, the venation is termed as ____________.
When the veins run parallel to each other within a lamina, the venation is termed as __________
Reticulate
Parallel
leaves of dicotyledonous plants generally posses reticulate venation
leaves of monocotyledons plants generally posses parallel venation
A leaf is said to be _________ when its lamina is entire, the incisions do not touch the midrib
Simple
When the incisions of the lamina reach up to the midrib breaking it into a number of leaflets, the leaf is called _______________
compound leaf
a bud is present in the axil of petiole in both simple and compound leaves, but not in the axil of leaflets of the compound leaf
The compound leaves may be of two types _____________ and ________________
Pinnately compound leaf (like in neem)
Palmately compound leaf (Silk cotton)
In pinnately compound leaf a number of leaflets are present on a common axis called ______________, which represents the midrib of the leaf eg:- neem
Rachis
In palmately compound leaves, the leaflets are attached at a common point . i.e at the tip of ___________________ . eg:- silk cotton
Petiole
_________________ is the pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch.
Phyllotaxy
There are three types of Phyllotaxy - Alternate,Opposite and _______________
Whorled
In alternate types of phyllotaxy, a single leaf arises at each node in alternate manner eg:- _______________
In opposite type , a pair of leaves arise at each node and lie opposite to each other. eg:- _____________
In Whorled type of phyllotaxy more than two leaves arise at a node and form a whorl eg:- _______________
Alternate - China rose, mustard and sunflower
Oppostie - Calatropis and Guava
Whorled - Alstonia
The arrangement of Flowers on the floral axis is termed as ____________
Inflorescence
Two major types of inflorescences are _______________ and ________________
Racemose
Cymose
In ____________ type of inflorescences the main axis continues to grow, the flowers are borne laterally in an (Acropetal- new flower in top) succession
Racemose
In ____________ type of inflorescences the main axis terminates in a flower, hence is limited in frowth, the flowers are borne in a (basipetal- new flower in bottom) order
Cymose
The ______________ is the reproductive unit in the Angiosperms
Flower
A typical flower has four different kinds of whorls arranged successively on the swollen end of the stalk or pedicel, called ___________ or ___________
Thalamus or receptacle
The four parts of flowers are ________, _________, _________ and _________
Calyx
Corolla
Androecium
Gynoecium
When a flower can be divided into two equal radial halves in any radial plane passing through the centre, it is called ____________
Actinomorphic (radial symmetry)
eg- mustard , datura, chilli
When a flower can be divided into two equal halves only in one particular vertical plane , it is called ____________
Zygomorphic (bilateral symmetrical)
eg- pea , gulmohur, bean , cassia
A flower is ___________ if it cannot be divided into two similar halves by any vertical plane passing through the centre.
Asymmetric
eg- *Canna
Flowers with bracts- reduced leaf found at the base of the pedicel are called _______ and those without bracts, __________
bracteate
ebracteate
Based on the position of calyx , corolla and androecium in respect of ____________on thalamus the flowers are described as
Hypogynous
Perigynous
epigynous
Ovary
In ___________ flower the gynoecium occupies the highest position. The ovary in such flowers is said to be ____________.
eg:- Mustard, china rose and Brinjal
Hypogynous
Superior
If ____________ is situated in the centre and other parts of the flower are located on the rim of the thalamus almost at the same level, it is called ___________
The ovary here is said to be Half inferior
eg:- plum, rose, peach
gynoecium
perigynous
In ________________ flowers, the margin of thalamus grows upward enclosing the ovary completely and getting fused with it the other parts of flower arise above the Ovary.
The ovary is said to be Inferior
eg:- Guava,cucumber and ray florets of ___________
Epigynous
sun flower
The calyx may be ______________(sepals united) or ____________ (sepals free)
gamosepalous
Polysepalous
Corolla may also be _____________ (petal united) or _____________( petals free)
Gamopetalous
Polypetalous
The main type of aestivation are valvate, twisted, imbricate and ____________
Vexillary
When sepals or petals in a whorl just touch one another at the margin, without overlapping this type of aestivation is called _____________
Valvate
eg:- Calotropis
In __________ aestivation One margin of the appendage overlaps that of the next one.
Twisted
eg:- China rose ,lady finger and cotton
If the margin of sepals or petals overlap one another but not in any particular direction , the aestivation is called _____________
Imbricate
eg:- Cassia and gulmohur
The Five petal arrangement , the largest (standard) overlaps the two lateral petal (wings) which in turn overlap the two smallest anterior petals (Keel), this type of aestivation is known as _______________ or _______________
vexillary or Papilionaceous
eg:- Pea** and **bean*
__________________ is composed of Stamen, each stamen represents the male reproductive organ consists of a stalk or filament and an anther
Androecium
Each anther is bilobed and each lobe has ____________ number of chambers, called Pollen-Sacs
two
The stamens may be united into one bunch _____________
two bunch _________________
more than two bunch ______________
monoadelphous (eg:- china rose)
diadelphous (eg:- pea)
polyadephous (eg:- Citrus)
A carpel consists of three parts namely __________ , style and ovary
Stigma
each ovary bears one or more ovules attached to a flattened, cushion like _____________
Placenta
When more than one Carpel is present, they may be free and are called __________________
apocarpous
eg:- Lotus and Rose
When Carpels are fused , they termed as _____________
syncarpous
eg:- mustard and tomato
The arrangement of Ovules within the ovary is known as __________________
Placentation
Placentation is of five types
1.____________
2.____________
3.____________
4.____________
5.____________
Marginal eg:- Pea
Axile eg:- china rose, tomato and lemon
Parietal eg:- mustard and Argemone
Free central eg:-Dianthus and primrose
Basal eg:- sunflower, marigold
Generally, the fruit consists of a wall or ______________ and seeds. When pericarp is thick and fleshy, it is differentiated into the outer ____________ , the middle ______________ and the inner endocarp
Pericarp
epicarp
mesocarp
In mango and coconut, the fruit is known as a _____________. They develop from Monocarpellary superior ovaries and are One seeded.
drupe
The seed coat in dicotyledonous seed has two layers, the outer __________ and the inner _____________ . The Hilum is a scar on the seed coat through which the developing seeds were attached to the ___________. Above the hilum a small pore called the ______________
testa
tegmen
fruit
micropyle
The outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a Proteinous layer called _______________
aleurone layer
The endosperm is bulky and stores __________
Food
The embryo is small and situated in a groove at one end of the endosperm, embryo consists of one large and shield shaped cotyledon known as ____________ and a short axis with a __________ and a _____________
scutellum
Plumule
radicle
The Plumule and radicle are enclosed in sheaths which are called ___________ and ________________
Coleoptile (for plumule)
coleorhiza (for radicle)
The position of the Mother axis with respect to the flower is represented by _________ on the top of the floral diagram
Dot
Floral diagram and floral formula of Solanaceae family is
