Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering Plants

Question 1

KATHERINE ESAU was born in ___________ in 1898

Answer 1

Ukraine

Question 2

_______________ is published by Katherine esau in 1954 took a dynamic developmental approach designed to enhance one’s understanding of plant structure and an enormous impact worldwide.

Answer 2

Plant Anatomy

Question 3

The ____________________ by Katherine Esau was published in 1960. It was referred to as Webster of plant biology - it is encyclopediac

Answer 3

Anatomy of Seed Plants

Question 4

In 1957 Katherine Esau was elected to the _____________________, becoming the sixth woman to receive that honour

Answer 4

National Academy of Science

Question 5

______________ received the National Medal of Science from president George Bush in 1989

Answer 5

Kathrine Esau
(1898 - 1997)

Question 6

The external structure or ________________, are all characterised by presence of roots, stems, leaves, flower, fruits.

Answer 6

Morphology

Question 7

The Underground part of the flowering plants is the ___________ while the portion above the ground forms the _____________

Answer 7

Root System
Shoot System

Question 8

In Majority of the dicotyledonous plants, the direct elongation of the ______________ leads to the formation of Primary root which grows inside the soil.

Answer 8

Radicle

Question 9

Primary root bears lateral roots of several orders that are referred to as ____________ and ________________

Answer 9

secondary roots
tertiary roots

Question 10

The primary roots and its branched constitute the _________________ system

Answer 10

Tap root system

Question 11

In monocotyledonous plants, the primary root is short lived and is replaced by a large number of roots. These roots originate from the base of the stem and constitute the ______________________ sytem

Answer 11

Fibrous root system

(Wheat plant)

Question 12

In some plants , like grass, Monstera and the Banyan tree, roots arise from parts of the plant other than the radicle are called ________________ roots

Answer 12

Adventitious roots

Question 13

The root is covered at the apex by a thimble-like structure called the ________________

Answer 13

Root Cap

Question 14

A few millimeters above the Root Cap is the region of ______________ activity. The cells of this region are very small, thin walled and with dense protoplasm. They divide repeatedly

Answer 14

Meristematic

Question 15

The cells above to the region of meristematic activity undergo rapid elongation and enlargement and are responsible for the growth of the root Length , this region is called the _______________

Answer 15

Region of elongation

Question 16

The cells of the elongation zone gradually differentiate and Mature. hence the zone just above to region of elongation is called the region of ____________

Answer 16

Maturation

Question 17

From the Region of maturation some of the epidermal cells form very fine and delicate, thread-like structures called ________________ these structures absorb water and minerals from the soil

Answer 17

Root hairs

root hairs absorb water and minerals from the soil

Question 18

The Stem is the ascending part of the axis bearing branches , leaves, flower and fruits. It develops from the ______________ of the embryo of a germinating seed.

Answer 18

Plumule

Question 19

The region of the stem where leaves are born are called ___________ while ___________ are the portions between two __________

Answer 19

Nodes
Internodes
Nodes

Question 20

Leaves originate from the _____________ and are arranged in an acropetal order.

Answer 20

Apical meristems

Acropetal order is a flower arrangement in which the new leaves are at the top, and the older leaves are at the bottom

Question 21

A typical leaf consists of three main parts
leaf base , petiole and _____________

Answer 21

Lamina

Question 22

The leaf is attached to the stem by the ___________ and may bear two lateral small leaf like structures called __________.

Answer 22

Leaf Base

Stipules

Question 23

In Monocotyledons, the leaf base expands into a _______________ covering the stem partially or wholly

Answer 23

Sheath

Question 24

In Leguminous plants the leaf base may become swollen, which is called the ___________

Answer 24

Pulvinus

Question 25

The **lamina** or the __________ is the green expanded part of the leaf with **veins** and **veinlets**, there is a middle prominent vein, which is known as __________

Answer 25

**leaf blade** **midrib**

Question 26

The arrangement of **veins** and the **veinlets** in the lamina of leaf is termed as _____________

Answer 26

**Venation**

Question 27

When the veinlets form a network, the venation is termed as ____________. When the veins run parallel to each other within a lamina, the venation is termed as __________

Answer 27

**Reticulate** **Parallel** leaves of **dicotyledonous** plants generally posses **reticulate** venation leaves of **monocotyledons** plants generally posses **parallel** venation

Question 28

A leaf is said to be _________ when its lamina is entire, the incisions do not touch the midrib

Answer 28

**Simple**

Question 29

When the incisions of the lamina reach up to the midrib breaking it into a number of **leaflets**, the leaf is called _______________

Answer 29

**compound leaf** a **bud** is present in the axil of petiole in both simple and compound leaves, but not in the axil of **leaflets** of the compound leaf

Question 30

The compound leaves may be of two types _____________ and ________________

Answer 30

**Pinnately compound leaf** (like in neem) **Palmately compound leaf** (Silk cotton)

Question 31

In **pinnately compound** leaf a number of leaflets are present on a common axis called ______________, which represents the **midrib** of the leaf eg:- **neem**

Answer 31

**Rachis**

Question 32

In **palmately compound leaves**, the leaflets are attached at a common point . i.e at the tip of ___________________ . eg:- silk cotton

Answer 32

**Petiole**

Question 33

_________________ is the pattern of arrangement of **leaves** on the stem or branch.

Answer 33

**Phyllotaxy**

Question 34

There are three types of **Phyllotaxy** - **Alternate**,**Opposite** and _______________

Answer 34

**Whorled**

Question 35

In **alternate** types of phyllotaxy, a single leaf arises at each node in alternate manner eg:- _______________ In **opposite** type , **a pair** of leaves arise at **each node** and lie **opposite** to each other. eg:- _____________ In **Whorled** type of phyllotaxy **more than two** leaves arise at a node and form a whorl eg:- _______________

Answer 35

**Alternate** - ***China rose, mustard*** and ***sunflower*** **Oppostie** - ***Calatropis*** and ***Guava*** **Whorled** - ***Alstonia***

Question 36

The arrangement of **Flowers** on the floral axis is termed as ____________

Answer 36

**Inflorescence**

Question 37

Two major types of inflorescences are _______________ and ________________

Answer 37

**Racemose** **Cymose**

Question 38

In ____________ type of inflorescences the main axis **continues** to grow, the flowers are borne laterally in an (**Acropetal**- new flower in top) succession

Answer 38

**Racemose**

Question 39

In ____________ type of inflorescences the main axis **terminates** in a flower, hence is limited in frowth, the flowers are borne in a (**basipetal**- new flower in bottom) order

Answer 39

**Cymose**

Question 40

The ______________ is the reproductive unit in the **Angiosperms**

Answer 40

**Flower**

Question 41

A typical flower has **four** different kinds of whorls arranged successively on the **swollen** end of the stalk or **pedicel**, called ___________ or ___________

Answer 41

**Thalamus** or **receptacle**

Question 42

The **four** parts of **flowers** are ________, _________, _________ and _________

Answer 42

**Calyx** **Corolla** **Androecium** **Gynoecium**

Question 43

**Calyx** and **Corolla** are ________ organs, while **androecium** and **gynoecium** are __________ organs

Answer 43

**accessory organs** **reproductive organs**

Question 44

When calyx and corolla are not distinct in some flower like **Lily** are termed as ____________

Answer 44

**Perianth**

Question 45

When a flower has both **androecium** and **gynoecium**, it is called __________ flower. when a flower has either **androecium** or **gynoecium** is __________ flower

Answer 45

**bisexual** **unisexual**

Question 46

When a flower can be divided into **two** equal radial halves in **any** radial plane passing through the centre, it is called ____________

Answer 46

**Actinomorphic** (radial symmetry) eg- mustard , datura, chilli

Question 47

When a flower can be divided into **two** equal halves only in one particular vertical plane , it is called ____________

Answer 47

**Zygomorphic** (bilateral symmetrical) eg- pea , gulmohur, bean , ***cassia***

Question 48

A flower is ___________ if it cannot be divided into two similar halves by any vertical plane passing through the centre.

Answer 48

**Asymmetric** eg- ***Canna**

Question 49

Flowers with **bracts**- reduced leaf found at the base of the **pedicel** are called _______ and those without bracts, __________

Answer 49

**bracteate** **ebracteate**

Question 50

Based on the position of **calyx , corolla and androecium** in respect of ____________on thalamus the flowers are described as **Hypogynous** **Perigynous** **epigynous**

Answer 50

**Ovary**

Question 51

In ___________ flower the **gynoecium** occupies the highest position. The **ovary** in such flowers is said to be ____________. eg:- **Mustard, china rose** and **Brinjal**

Answer 51

**Hypogynous** **Superior**

Question 52

If ____________ is situated in the centre and other parts of the flower are located on the rim of the thalamus **almost at the same level**, it is called ___________ The **ovary** here is said to be **Half inferior** eg:- **plum, rose, peach**

Answer 52

**gynoecium** **perigynous**

Question 53

In ________________ flowers, the margin of **thalamus** grows upward **enclosing** the ovary **completely** and getting **fused** with it the other parts of flower arise above the **Ovary**. The **ovary** is said to be **Inferior** eg:- **Guava**,**cucumber** and **ray florets of ___________**

Answer 53

**Epigynous** **sun flower**

Question 54

The **Calyx** is the outermost whorl of the flower and the members are called _____________ , generally they are green, leaf like and protect the flower in the **bud** stage.

Answer 54

**sepals**

Question 55

The **calyx** may be ______________(sepals united) or ____________ (sepals free)

Answer 55

**gamosepalous** **Polysepalous**

Question 56

**Corolla** is composed of ______________. They are usually brightly coloured to attract **insects** for **pollination**

Answer 56

**Petals**

Question 57

**Corolla** may also be _____________ (petal united) or _____________( petals free)

Answer 57

**Gamopetalous** **Polypetalous**

Question 58

The arrangement of **sepals** or **petals** in floral but with respect to the other members of the **same** whorl is known as _________________

Answer 58

**Aestivation**

Question 59

The main type of **aestivation** are **valvate**, **twisted**, **imbricate** and ____________

Answer 59

**Vexillary**

Question 60

When sepals or petals in a whorl **just touch** one another at the margin, **without overlapping** this type of **aestivation** is called _____________

Answer 60

**Valvate** eg:- ***Calotropis***

Question 61

In __________ aestivation **One** margin of the appendage **overlaps** that of the next one.

Answer 61

**Twisted** eg:- ***China rose*** ,***lady finger*** and ***cotton***

Question 62

If the margin of sepals or petals **overlap one another** but **not in any particular direction** , the aestivation is called _____________

Answer 62

**Imbricate** eg:- ***Cassia*** and ***gulmohur***

Question 63

The **Five** petal arrangement , the largest (**standard**) overlaps the **two** lateral petal (**wings**) which in turn overlap the **two smallest** anterior petals (**Keel**), this type of aestivation is known as _______________ or _______________

Answer 63

**vexillary** or **Papilionaceous** eg:- ***Pea** and ***bean***

Question 64

__________________ is composed of **Stamen**, each stamen represents the male reproductive organ consists of a **stalk** or filament and an **anther**

Answer 64

**Androecium**

Question 65

Each **anther** is **bilobed** and each lobe has ____________ number of chambers, called **Pollen-Sacs**

Answer 65

**two**

Question 66

**A** sterile stamen is called ______________

Answer 66

**Staminode**

Question 67

When **stamens** are attached to the **petals**, the are called _____________

Answer 67

**epipetalous** eg:- **Brinjal**

Question 68

When **stamens** attached to the **perianth** is called ____________

Answer 68

**Epiphyllous** eg:- **lily** In some flowers, the calyx and corolla are **not distinct** and combined it is called as **perianth**

Question 69

The stamens in a flower may either remain **free** (_____________) and united

Answer 69

**Polyandrous**

Question 70

The stamens may be united into **one bunch** _____________ **two bunch** _________________ **more than two** bunch ______________

Answer 70

**monoadelphous** (eg:- china rose) **diadelphous** (eg:- pea) **polyadephous** (eg:- Citrus)

Question 71

The _________ and ____________ flower, there is a **variation** in the **length** of **filament** within flower.

Answer 71

***Salvia*** ***mustard***

Question 72

**Gynoecium** is the **female reproductive** part of the **flower** and is made up of one or more ____________

Answer 72

**Carpels**

Question 73

A **carpel** consists of **three** parts namely __________ , **style** and **ovary**

Answer 73

**Stigma**

Question 74

The **Stigma** is usually at the tip of the ____________ and is the **receptive** surface for **pollen grains**.

Answer 74

**Style**

Question 75

each ovary bears one or more **ovules** attached to a flattened, cushion like _____________

Answer 75

**Placenta**

Question 76

When more than one **Carpel** is present, they may be **free** and are called __________________

Answer 76

**apocarpous** eg:- ***Lotus*** and ***Rose***

Question 77

When **Carpels** are fused , they termed as _____________

Answer 77

**syncarpous** eg:- ***mustard*** and ***tomato***

Question 78

After fertilisation, the **ovules** develop into _____________ and the **ovary** matures into a _____________

Answer 78

**seed** **fruit**

Question 79

The arrangement of **Ovules** within the **ovary** is known as __________________

Answer 79

**Placentation**

Question 80

Placentation is of five types 1.____________ 2.____________ 3.____________ 4.____________ 5.____________

Answer 80

**Marginal** eg:- ***Pea*** **Axile** eg:- ***china rose, tomato*** and ***lemon*** **Parietal** eg:- ***mustard*** and ***Argemone*** **Free central** eg:-***Dianthus*** and ***primrose*** **Basal** eg:- ***sunflower, marigold***

Question 81

If a **fruit** is formed **without fertilisation** of the ovary, it is called a ___________________ fruit

Answer 81

**Parthenocarpic**

Question 82

Generally, the fruit consists of a wall or ______________ and **seeds**. When **pericarp** is thick and fleshy, it is differentiated into the outer ____________ , the middle ______________ and the inner **endocarp**

Answer 82

**Pericarp** **epicarp** **mesocarp**

Question 83

In **mango** and **coconut**, the fruit is known as a _____________. They develop from **Monocarpellary** **superior** ovaries and are **One** seeded.

Answer 83

**drupe**

Question 84

The seed is made up of a **seed coat** and an _______________

Answer 84

**embryo**

Question 85

The **embryo** is made up of a **radicle**, an **embryonal axis** and one or two ________________

Answer 85

**cotyledons**

Question 86

The outermost covering of a dicotyledonous seed is the _____________

Answer 86

**Seed Coat**

Question 87

The seed coat in dicotyledonous seed has **two layers**, the outer __________ and the inner _____________ . The **Hilum** is a scar on the seed coat through which the developing seeds were attached to the ___________. Above the hilum a small pore called the ______________

Answer 87

**testa** **tegmen** **fruit** **micropyle**

Question 88

At the two ends of the embryonal axis __________ and ___________ are present

Answer 88

**Radicle** **Plumule**

Question 89

In some seeds such as **castor** the **endosperm** formed as a result of ___________________

Answer 89

**double fertilisation**

Question 90

In plants like **bean**, **gram** and **pea**, the endosperm is not present in ____________seeds and such seeds are called _________________

Answer 90

**Mature** **non-endospermous**

Question 91

generally, **monocotyledonous** seeds are endospermic but some as in ____________ are **non-endospermic**

Answer 91

**orchids**

Question 92

The outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a **Proteinous** layer called _______________

Answer 92

**aleurone layer**

Question 93

The endosperm is bulky and stores __________

Answer 93

**Food**

Question 94

The **embryo** is small and situated in a groove at one end of the endosperm, embryo consists of one large and shield shaped **cotyledon** known as ____________ and a short axis with a __________ and a _____________

Answer 94

**scutellum** **Plumule** **radicle**

Question 95

The **Plumule** and **radicle** are enclosed in **sheaths** which are called ___________ and ________________

Answer 95

**Coleoptile** (for plumule) **coleorhiza** (for radicle)

Question 96

In the **Floral formula** **Br** for ___________ **K** for ___________ **C** for ___________ **P** for ___________ **A** for ___________ **G** for ___________ **_G_** for ___________ **_** **G** for ___________ **♂** for ___________ **♀** for ___________ **⚥** for ___________ **⊕** for ___________ **%** for ___________ **Fusion** is indicated by **Bracket** ( ) and **Adhesion** by a line drawn above the symbols of the floral parts

Answer 96

**Br** :- ***Bracteate*** **K** :- ***Calyx*** **C** :- ***corolla*** **P** :- ***Perianth*** **A** :- ***Androecium*** **G** :- ***Cynoecium*** **_G_** :- ***Superior ovary*** **_** **G** :- ***Inferior ovary*** **♂** :- ***Male*** **♀** :- ***Female*** **⚥** :- ***Bisexual*** **⊕** :- ***Actinomorphic*** **%** :- ***Zygomorphic***

Question 97

Floral formula for the **mustard** plant (family: **Brassicaceae**) is

Answer 97

**⊕ ⚥ K₂₊₂ C₄ A₂₊₄ _G_₍₂₎**

Question 98

The position of the **Mother** axis with respect to the flower is represented by _________ on the top of the floral diagram

Answer 98

**Dot**

Question 99

_____________ is a large family, commonly called as the **Potato family**

Answer 99

**Solanaceae**

Question 100

Scientific name of **Potato** is

Answer 100

***Solanum tuberosum***

Question 101

Floral diagram and floral formula of **Solanaceae** family is

Answer 101

Question 102

name of the plant of **Solanaceae** family source of food :- **T**_________ , **B**____________ , **P**__________ spice: - **C**____________ medicine :- **B**_____________ , **A**_________________ Fumigatory :- **T**____________ Ornamentals :- **P**_____________

Answer 102

source of food :- **T**omato , **B**rinjal, **P**otato spice: - **C**hilli medicine :- **B**elladonna, **A**shwagandha Fumigatory :- **T**obacco Ornamentals :- **P**etunia