Chapter 15: Body Fluids and Circulation Flashcards
1
Q
Simple organisms like Sponges and Coelenterates circulate _____________ from their surroundings through their body cavity to facilitate the cells to exchange substances
A
water
2
Q
Complex organisms use special fluids within their bodies to transport materials, ________________ is the most commonly used body fluid by most of the higher organisms including humans.
A
Blood
3
Q
Another body fluid in higher organisms _____________ also helps in the transport of certain substances
A
Lymph(Tissue fluid)
4
Q
Blood is a special _________________ tissue consisting of a fluid matrix, Plasma, and formed elements
A
Connective
5
Q
____________ is a straw coloured, viscous fluid constituting nearly 55 % of the blood
A
Plasma
6
Q
___________ percent of Plasma is Water and proteins contributes __________ percent of it
A
90 -92 %
6-8 %
7
Q
__________ , ___________ and ____________ are the major proteins of Plasma
A
Fibrinogen
globulins
albumins
8
Q
________________ proteins are needed for Clotting or coagulation of blood.
A
Fibrinogen
9
Q
___________ proteins primarly are involved in defense mechanism of the body and the ___________ help in osmotic balance
A
Globulins
Albumins
10
Q
Factors for coagulation or clotting of blood are also present in the plasma in an __________ form.
A
Inactive form
11
Q
Plasma without the clotting factors is called ___________
A
serum
12
Q
Erythrocytes, leucocytes and Platelets are collectively called _____________ and they constitute nearly _________ % of the blood
A
Formed elements
45 %
13
Q
______________ or red blood cells (RBC**) are the most abundant of all the cells in blood.
A
Erythrocytes
14
Q
A healthy adult man has on an average, _____millions to _____millions of RBCs mm-3
A
5
5.5
15
Q
RBCs are formed in the _____________________ in the adults
A
Red Bone Marrow
16
Q
RBCs are without nucleus in most of the mammals and are ___________ is shape
A
biconcave
17
Q
RBC have a red coloured, iron containing complex protein called _____________
A
Haemoglobin
18
Q
A healthy individual has ____________ gm of Haemoglobin in every 100 ml of blood..
A
12-16 gm
19
Q
RBCs have an average life span of ________ days after which they are destroyed in the ___________(also known as Graveyard of RBCs)
A
120
Spleen (Graveyard of RBCs)
20
Q
____________ are also known as white blood cells (WBC**) as they are colourless due to lack of Haemoglobin
A
Leucocytes
21
Q
WBC are nucleated and are relatively lesser in number which averages _________________ mm-3 of blood.
A
6000 - 8000 mm-3
22
Q
Two main categories of WBCs are _______________ and ____________
A
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
23
Q
Neutrophils, eosinophils and Basophils are different types of ______________
A
Granulocytes
24
Q
____________ and ____________ are the agranulocytes
A
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
25
**Neutrophils** are the most abundant cells __________ % of the total WBCs, **Basophils** are the least _________ %
60-65 % of total **WBCs**
0.5 - 1 %
26
**Neutrophils** and **Monocytes** (**6-8%**) are ______________ cells which destroy foreign organisms entering the body.
**Phagocytic**
A phagocyte is a type of cell that can **engulf** and digest microorganisms
27
______________ secrete **Histamine, serotonin, heparin** and are involved in inflammatory reactions.
**Basophils**
28
__________________(2-3 %) **resist infections** and are also associated with **allergic reactions**.
**Eosinophils**
29
____________________ (20 -25 %) are of two major types **B** and **T** forms. Both **B** and **T** forms are responsible for **Immune responses** of the body,
**Lymphocytes**
30
**Platelets** also called ____________________, are **cells fragments** produced from _____________________ (Special cells in the **bone marrow**)
**Thrombocytes**
**Megakaryocytes**
31
**Blood** normally contains ________________________ platelets mm-3
**150000 - 350000**
32
____________ can release a variety of substances most of which are involved in the coagulation or clotting of blood
**Platelets**
33
A reduction is **Platelets** number can lead to ________________ disorders which will lead to excessive loss of blood from the body
**Clotting**
34
Two types of blood groupings the ____________ and ___________ are widely used all over the world
**ABO**
**Rh**
35
ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface ___________ on the **RBCs** namely **A** and **B**
**Antigens**
(chemicals that can induce immune response)
36
The blood of a **donor** has to be carefully matched with the blood of a recipient before any blood **transfusion** to avoid severe problems of ______________
**Clumping**(destruction of RBC)
37
Group **'O'** blood can be donated to persons with any other blood group and hence **'O'** group individuals are called ______________
**universal donor**
38
Person with **'AB'** group can accept blood from persons with **AB** as well as the other groups of blood, therefor such persons are called ______________
**Universal recipients**
39
The Rh antigen similar to one present in ______________ monkeys, is also observed on the surface of RBCs of majority (nearly _____ %) of humans
**Rhesus** (Rh)
**80%**
40
The individuals with Rh antigen on the surface of **RBCs** are called _____________
and those in whom this antigen is absent are called _____________
**Rh positive** (Rh+ve)
**Rh negative** (Rh-ve)
41
A special case of **Rh** incompatibility (mismatching) has been observed between the ________blood of **pregnant mother** with ____________ blood of the foetus
**Rh -ve** (mother)
**Rh +ve** (foetus)
Rh antigen of the foetus do not get exposed to the Rh-ve blood of the mother in the **first pregnancy** as the two bloods are well separated by the **placenta**
42
During the delivery of the first child, there is a possibility of exposure of the maternal blood to small amounts of the Rh+ve blood from the foetus. In such cases the mother starts preparing ___________ against Rh antigen in her blood
**Antibodies**
in case of her next pregnancies, the Rh antibodies from the mother (Rh-ve) can leak into the blood of the foetus (Rh +ve) and destroy the foetal **RBCs**
43
In case of subsequent pregnancies, the Rh antibodies from the mother (Rh -ve) to the blood fo the foetus (Rh +ve) and destroy the foetal RBCs could be fatal to the foetus or could cause severe **anaemia** and **jaundice** to the baby, this condition is called __________________________
***erythroblastosis foetalis***
This can be avoided by administering **anti-Rh antibodies** to the mother immediately after the delivery of the first child.
44
A **clot** or **coagulam** formed mainly of a network of threads called ______________ in which dead and damaged **formed elements** of blood are trapped
**fibrins**
45
**Fibrins** are formed by the conversion of inactive **fibrinogens** in the **plasma** by the enzyme ___________
**thrombin**
46
**Thrombins** are formed from another inactive substance present in the plasma called ________________. An enzyme complex, ____________ is required for the reactions.
**prothrombin**
**Thrombokinase**
47
______________ ions play a very important role in clotting
**Calcium**
48
The circulatory system are of two types ____________ and _______________
**open**
**closed**
49
In Arthropods and molluscs __________ types of circulatory system is present in which blood pumped by the heart passes through large vessels into open spaces or body cavities called **Sinuses**
**Open**
50
**Annelids** and **chordates** have a __________ type of circulatory system in which the blood pumped by the heart is always circulated through a closed network of blood vessels
**Closed**
51
**Fishes** have _____ chambered heart with atrium and a ventricle
**2**
52
**Amphibians** and the **reptiles** (except **crocodiles**) have a _______ chambered heart
**3**
53
**Crocodiles**, **birds** and **Mammals** possess a ______ chambered heart with ____ artria and _____ ventricles
**4**
**two**
**two**
54
In **Fishes** the heart pumps out deoxygenated blood which is oxygenated by the **gills** and supplied to the body parts from where **deoxygenated** blood is returned to the heart this is known as _______________ circulation.
**Single Circulation**
55
In **Amphibians** and **reptiles**, the **left atrium** receives **oxygenated** blood from the gills/lungs/skin and the right atrium gets the deoxygenated blood from other body parts, they get mixed up in the **single ventricle** which pumps out mixed blood, this type of circulation is known as ___________
**Incomplete double circulation**
56
In **Birds** and **mammals**, oxygenated (left atria) and deoxygenated(right atria) blood received and passes on to the ventricles of the same side, The ventricles pump it out without any mixing up hence these animals have _____________ circulation
**Double circulation**
57
**Human circulatory system**, also called the ______________system consists of **heart** and a network of closed branching **blood vessels** and **blood**
**Blood vascular system**
58
Heart is protected by a double walled membranous bag called _______________ enclosing the ____________ fluid
**Pericardium**
**pericardial fluid**
59
**Thin** Muscular wall called the _____________ separates the right and left **atria**
**inter-atrial septum**
60
A **thick walled**, the _________________ separates the left and the right **ventricles**
**inter-ventricular septum**
61
The **atrium** and the **ventricle** of the same side are also separated by a thick fibrous tissue called the ________________
**atrio-ventricular septum**
62
The opening between the **right atrium** and the **right ventricle** is guarded by a valve formed of three muscular flaps or cusps. the ____________ valve
**Tricuspid**
63
A **bicuspid** or ___________ valve guards the opening between the **left atrium** and the **left ventricle**
**mitral**
64
The openings of the **right ventricle** (pulmonary artery) and **left ventricle** (Aorta) are provided with the ______________ valves
**Semilunar valves**
(pulmonary valve
aortic valve)
65
The **valves** in the heart allows the flow of blood only in _________ direction, from **atria to the ventricles** and from the **ventricles to the pulmonary artery or aorta**
**one**
66
A patch of tissue is present in the **right upper corner** of the **right atrium** called the __________________
**Sino-atrial node** (**SAN**)
67
Another mass of tissue is seen in the **lower left corner** of the **right atrium** close to the **atrio-ventricular septum** called the ______________________
**Atrio-ventricular node** (**AVN**)
68
A bundle of nodal fibres, atrio-ventricular bundle (AV bundle) or _______________ continues from the AVN which passes through the atrio-ventricular septa to emerge on the top of the inter-ventricular septum and immediately divides into a right and left bundle
**Bundle of His**
69
**Bundle of His** give rise to minute fibers throughout the ventricular musculature of the **respective sides** and are called _______________
**purkinje fibres**
70
The nodal fibres has the ability to generate action potentials without any external stimuli i.e it is ____________________
**autoexitable**
71
The **SAN**(sino-atrial node) can generate the maximum number of **action potentials** i.e __________ **min-1** and is responsible for initiating and maintaining the rhythmic contractile activity of the heart . therefore **SAN** is called the ________________
**70-75**
**pacemaker**
72
Our heart normally **beats** _______ times in a minute (average **72** beats **min-1**)
**70-75**
73
lets assume Cardiac cycle start with all the four chambers of heart are in relaxed state i.e they are in joint ______________ as the tricuspid and bicuspid valves are open
**Diastole**
74
Blood from the **pulmonary veins** and **vena cava** flows into the **left** and the **right ventricle** respectively through the __________ and ___________ atria. The __________ valves are closed at this stage
**Left atria**
**right atria**
**semilunar valves**
75
The **SAN**(sino-atrial node) generates an **action potential** which stimulates both the ___________ to undergo a simultaneous contraction which is called __________
**atria**
**atrial systole**
76
**atrial systole** increases the flow of blood into the ventricles by about __________ percent
**30**
77
The **action potential** is conducted to the ventricular side by the **AVN**(atrio-ventricular node) and **AV bundle** from where the _______________ transmits it through the entire ventricular musculature.
**Bundle of His**
78
The action potential from **AVN**(atrio ventricular node) causes the ventricular muscles to contract, this is called __________________, the **atria** undergoes relaxation (diastole)
**ventricular systole**
79
**Ventricular systole** increases the ventricular pressure causing the closure of __________ and _________ valves due to attempted backflow of blood into the atria.
**tricuspid**
**bicuspid**
80
**Ventricular systole** increases the ventricular pressure, the _________ valves guarding the **pulmonary artery** (right side) and the **aorta**(left side) are forced **open**
**semilunar**
81
after blood passes to pulmonary artery and aorta the ventricles now relax(ventricular diastole) and the ventricular pressure **falls** causing the closure of ____________ valves, which prevents the backflow of blood into the **ventricles**
**semilunar**
82
when the ventricular pressure declines further, the _________ and ________ valves are pushed **open** by the pressure in the **atria** exerted by the blood which was being emptied into them by the veins
**tricuspid**
**bicuspid**
83
Sequential event in the heart which is cyclically repeated is called ________ and it consists of **systole** and **diastole** of both the **atria** and **ventricles**
**Cardiac cycle**
84
The heart beats ____ times per minute, i.e., that many **cardiac cycle** are performed per minute. from this it could be deduced that the duration of **one** cardiac cycle is ______ **second**
**72**
**0.8**
85
During a cardiac cycle, **each ventricle** pumps our approximately ________ mL of blood which is called the ______ volume
**70**mL
**stroke**
86
The stroke volume(70mL) multiplied by the heart rate (no. of beats per min) gives the ______________
**cardiac output**
it is in per min calculation
87
The cardiac output can be defined as the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute and averages ________mL or ___ litres in a healthy individual
**5000 mL**
**5 litres**
88
During each **cardiac cycle** two prominent sounds are produced which can be easily heard through a ____________
**stethoscope**
89
The **first** heart sound (**lub**) is associated with the closure of the ___________ and __________ valves whereas the second heart sound (**dub**) is associated with the closure of the ________________.
**tricuspid**
**bicuspid**
**semilunar valves**
90
_____________ machine is used to obtain an **electrocardiogram** (ECG)
**Electro-cardiograph**
91
Each peak in the **ECG** is identified with a letter from ___ to ____ that corresponds to a specific **electrical activity** of the **heart**
**P**
**T**
92
The **P**-wave represents the electrical **excitation** (or depolarisation) of the _________, which leads to the contraction of both the _________
**atria**
**atria**
93
The **QRS** complex represents the **depolarisation** of the ___________, which initiates the ___________ contraction. The contraction starts shortly after **Q** and marks the beginning of the **systole**
**ventricles**
**ventricular**
94
The T-wave represents the return of the __________ from excited to normal state (repolarisation)
**Ventricles**
95
The blood flows strictly by a fixed route through **Blood vessels**, which is of two types ___________ and ____________
**arteries**
**veins**
96
Each **artery** and **vein** consists of three layers
an inner lining of **squamous endothelium**, the ___________
a middle layer of **smooth muscle and elastic fibres**, the ___________
an external layer of **fibrous connective tissue** with collagen fibres, the ________
**tunica intima**
**tunica media**
**tunica externa**
97
The **tunica media** is comparatively thin in the __________
**veins**
98
The blood pumped by the **right ventricles** enters the __________ **artery**, whereas the **left ventricle** pumps blood into the ___________
**Pulmonary artery**
**Aorta**
note:- pulmonary **artery** carries deoxygenated blood
while pulmonary **vein** carries oxygenated blood
else, every where in body **artery** carries **oxygenated** blood
99
A unique **vascular** connection exists between the **digestive tract** and **liver** called ___________ , The hepatic portal vein carries blood from __________ to the **liver** before it is delivered to the **systemic circulation**
**hepatic portal system**
**Intestine**
note:- **Systemic circulation** carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of the body. From the tissue capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins to the right atrium of the heart.
100
Normal activities of the heart are **auto regulated** by specialised muscles(nodal tissue),hence the heart is called __________
**Myogenic**
101
A special neural centre in the ______________ can moderate the cardiac function through **autonomic nervous system**(ANS)
**medulla oblangata**
102
____________ is the term for **blood pressure** that is higher than normal (120/80)
**Hypertension**
103
**120mm Hg**(millimeters of mercury pressure) is the _________ or pumping, pressure and **80 mm Hg** is the _____________ or resting, pressure.
high blood pressure leads to heart diseases and also affect vital organs like **brain** and **kidney**
**systolic**
**diastolic**
104
___________ artries supply blood to the **heart muscles**
**Coronary arteries**
105
**Coronary Artery Disease** (**CAD**) often referred to as ______________, affects the vessels that supply blood to the **heart muscles**.It is caused by deposition of **calcium**, **fat**, **cholesterol** and **fibrous tissues** which makes the **Lumen** of arteries narrower
**atherosclerosis**
106
**Angina**, a symptom of **acute chest pain** appears when no enough oxygen is reaching the **heart muscles**. it is also known as _____________
**angina pectoris**
107
Heart failure sometimes called **congestive heart failure** because congestion of the _________ is one of the main symptoms of this disease.
**lungs**
108
**heart failure** is not the same as **cardiac arrest** (______________) or a **heart attack** (when the heart muscle is **suddenly damaged** by an inadequate blood supply)
**when the heart stops beating**
**Heart failure** :-congestion of lungs
**cardiac arrest** :- heart stops beating
**heart attack**:-heart muscle suddenly damaged by inadequate blood supply
