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Biology XI > Chapter 15: Body Fluids and Circulation > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Body Fluids and Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Simple organisms like Sponges and Coelenterates circulate _____________ from their surroundings through their body cavity to facilitate the cells to exchange substances

A

water

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2
Q

Complex organisms use special fluids within their bodies to transport materials, ________________ is the most commonly used body fluid by most of the higher organisms including humans.

A

Blood

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3
Q

Another body fluid in higher organisms _____________ also helps in the transport of certain substances

A

Lymph(Tissue fluid)

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4
Q

Blood is a special _________________ tissue consisting of a fluid matrix, Plasma, and formed elements

A

Connective

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5
Q

____________ is a straw coloured, viscous fluid constituting nearly 55 % of the blood

A

Plasma

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6
Q

___________ percent of Plasma is Water and proteins contributes __________ percent of it

A

90 -92 %
6-8 %

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7
Q

__________ , ___________ and ____________ are the major proteins of Plasma

A

Fibrinogen
globulins
albumins

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8
Q

________________ proteins are needed for Clotting or coagulation of blood.

A

Fibrinogen

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9
Q

___________ proteins primarly are involved in defense mechanism of the body and the ___________ help in osmotic balance

A

Globulins
Albumins

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10
Q

Factors for coagulation or clotting of blood are also present in the plasma in an __________ form.

A

Inactive form

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11
Q

Plasma without the clotting factors is called ___________

A

serum

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12
Q

Erythrocytes, leucocytes and Platelets are collectively called _____________ and they constitute nearly _________ % of the blood

A

Formed elements

45 %

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13
Q

______________ or red blood cells (RBC**) are the most abundant of all the cells in blood.

A

Erythrocytes

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14
Q

A healthy adult man has on an average, _____millions to _____millions of RBCs mm-3

A

5
5.5

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15
Q

RBCs are formed in the _____________________ in the adults

A

Red Bone Marrow

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16
Q

RBCs are without nucleus in most of the mammals and are ___________ is shape

A

biconcave

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17
Q

RBC have a red coloured, iron containing complex protein called _____________

A

Haemoglobin

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18
Q

A healthy individual has ____________ gm of Haemoglobin in every 100 ml of blood..

A

12-16 gm

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19
Q

RBCs have an average life span of ________ days after which they are destroyed in the ___________(also known as Graveyard of RBCs)

A

120
Spleen (Graveyard of RBCs)

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20
Q

____________ are also known as white blood cells (WBC**) as they are colourless due to lack of Haemoglobin

A

Leucocytes

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21
Q

WBC are nucleated and are relatively lesser in number which averages _________________ mm-3 of blood.

A

6000 - 8000 mm-3

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22
Q

Two main categories of WBCs are _______________ and ____________

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

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23
Q

Neutrophils, eosinophils and Basophils are different types of ______________

A

Granulocytes

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24
Q

____________ and ____________ are the agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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25
Q

Neutrophils are the most abundant cells __________ % of the total WBCs, Basophils are the least _________ %

A

60-65 % of total WBCs

0.5 - 1 %

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26
Q

Neutrophils and Monocytes (6-8%) are ______________ cells which destroy foreign organisms entering the body.

A

Phagocytic

A phagocyte is a type of cell that can engulf and digest microorganisms

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27
Q

______________ secrete Histamine, serotonin, heparin and are involved in inflammatory reactions.

A

Basophils

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28
Q

__________________(2-3 %) resist infections and are also associated with allergic reactions.

A

Eosinophils

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29
Q

____________________ (20 -25 %) are of two major types B and T forms. Both B and T forms are responsible for Immune responses of the body,

A

Lymphocytes

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30
Q

Platelets also called ____________________, are cells fragments produced from _____________________ (Special cells in the bone marrow)

A

Thrombocytes

Megakaryocytes

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31
Q

Blood normally contains ________________________ platelets mm-3

A

150000 - 350000

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32
Q

____________ can release a variety of substances most of which are involved in the coagulation or clotting of blood

A

Platelets

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33
Q

A reduction is Platelets number can lead to ________________ disorders which will lead to excessive loss of blood from the body

A

Clotting

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34
Q

Two types of blood groupings the ____________ and ___________ are widely used all over the world

A

ABO
Rh

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35
Q

ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface ___________ on the RBCs namely A and B

A

Antigens
(chemicals that can induce immune response)

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36
Q

The blood of a donor has to be carefully matched with the blood of a recipient before any blood transfusion to avoid severe problems of ______________

A

Clumping(destruction of RBC)

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37
Q

Group ‘O’ blood can be donated to persons with any other blood group and hence ‘O’ group individuals are called ______________

A

universal donor

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38
Q

Person with ‘AB’ group can accept blood from persons with AB as well as the other groups of blood, therefor such persons are called ______________

A

Universal recipients

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39
Q

The Rh antigen similar to one present in ______________ monkeys, is also observed on the surface of RBCs of majority (nearly _____ %) of humans

A

Rhesus (Rh)
80%

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40
Q

The individuals with Rh antigen on the surface of RBCs are called _____________
and those in whom this antigen is absent are called _____________

A

Rh positive (Rh+ve)
Rh negative (Rh-ve)

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41
Q

A special case of Rh incompatibility (mismatching) has been observed between the ________blood of pregnant mother with ____________ blood of the foetus

A

Rh -ve (mother)
Rh +ve (foetus)

Rh antigen of the foetus do not get exposed to the Rh-ve blood of the mother in the first pregnancy as the two bloods are well separated by the placenta

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42
Q

During the delivery of the first child, there is a possibility of exposure of the maternal blood to small amounts of the Rh+ve blood from the foetus. In such cases the mother starts preparing ___________ against Rh antigen in her blood

A

Antibodies

in case of her next pregnancies, the Rh antibodies from the mother (Rh-ve) can leak into the blood of the foetus (Rh +ve) and destroy the foetal RBCs

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43
Q

In case of subsequent pregnancies, the Rh antibodies from the mother (Rh -ve) to the blood fo the foetus (Rh +ve) and destroy the foetal RBCs could be fatal to the foetus or could cause severe anaemia and jaundice to the baby, this condition is called __________________________

A

erythroblastosis foetalis

This can be avoided by administering anti-Rh antibodies to the mother immediately after the delivery of the first child.

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44
Q

A clot or coagulam formed mainly of a network of threads called ______________ in which dead and damaged formed elements of blood are trapped

A

fibrins

45
Q

Fibrins are formed by the conversion of inactive fibrinogens in the plasma by the enzyme ___________

A

thrombin

46
Q

Thrombins are formed from another inactive substance present in the plasma called ________________. An enzyme complex, ____________ is required for the reactions.

A

prothrombin
Thrombokinase

47
Q

______________ ions play a very important role in clotting

A

Calcium

48
Q

The circulatory system are of two types ____________ and _______________

A

open
closed

49
Q

In Arthropods and molluscs __________ types of circulatory system is present in which blood pumped by the heart passes through large vessels into open spaces or body cavities called Sinuses

A

Open

50
Q

Annelids and chordates have a __________ type of circulatory system in which the blood pumped by the heart is always circulated through a closed network of blood vessels

A

Closed

51
Q

Fishes have _____ chambered heart with atrium and a ventricle

A

2

52
Q

Amphibians and the reptiles (except crocodiles) have a _______ chambered heart

A

3

53
Q

Crocodiles, birds and Mammals possess a ______ chambered heart with ____ artria and _____ ventricles

A

4
two
two

54
Q

In Fishes the heart pumps out deoxygenated blood which is oxygenated by the gills and supplied to the body parts from where deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart this is known as _______________ circulation.

A

Single Circulation

55
Q

In Amphibians and reptiles, the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the gills/lungs/skin and the right atrium gets the deoxygenated blood from other body parts, they get mixed up in the single ventricle which pumps out mixed blood, this type of circulation is known as ___________

A

Incomplete double circulation

56
Q

In Birds and mammals, oxygenated (left atria) and deoxygenated(right atria) blood received and passes on to the ventricles of the same side, The ventricles pump it out without any mixing up hence these animals have _____________ circulation

A

Double circulation

57
Q

Human circulatory system, also called the ______________system consists of heart and a network of closed branching blood vessels and blood

A

Blood vascular system

58
Q

Heart is protected by a double walled membranous bag called _______________ enclosing the ____________ fluid

A

Pericardium

pericardial fluid

59
Q

Thin Muscular wall called the _____________ separates the right and left atria

A

inter-atrial septum

60
Q

A thick walled, the _________________ separates the left and the right ventricles

A

inter-ventricular septum

61
Q

The atrium and the ventricle of the same side are also separated by a thick fibrous tissue called the ________________

A

atrio-ventricular septum

62
Q

The opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle is guarded by a valve formed of three muscular flaps or cusps. the ____________ valve

A

Tricuspid

63
Q

A bicuspid or ___________ valve guards the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle

A

mitral

64
Q

The openings of the right ventricle (pulmonary artery) and left ventricle (Aorta) are provided with the ______________ valves

A

Semilunar valves

(pulmonary valve
aortic valve)

65
Q

The valves in the heart allows the flow of blood only in _________ direction, from atria to the ventricles and from the ventricles to the pulmonary artery or aorta

A

one

66
Q

A patch of tissue is present in the right upper corner of the right atrium called the __________________

A

Sino-atrial node (SAN)

67
Q

Another mass of tissue is seen in the lower left corner of the right atrium close to the atrio-ventricular septum called the ______________________

A

Atrio-ventricular node (AVN)

68
Q

A bundle of nodal fibres, atrio-ventricular bundle (AV bundle) or _______________ continues from the AVN which passes through the atrio-ventricular septa to emerge on the top of the inter-ventricular septum and immediately divides into a right and left bundle

A

Bundle of His

69
Q

Bundle of His give rise to minute fibers throughout the ventricular musculature of the respective sides and are called _______________

A

purkinje fibres

70
Q

The nodal fibres has the ability to generate action potentials without any external stimuli i.e it is ____________________

A

autoexitable

71
Q

The SAN(sino-atrial node) can generate the maximum number of action potentials i.e __________ min-1 and is responsible for initiating and maintaining the rhythmic contractile activity of the heart . therefore SAN is called the ________________

A

70-75
pacemaker

72
Q

Our heart normally beats _______ times in a minute (average 72 beats min-1)

A

70-75

73
Q

lets assume Cardiac cycle start with all the four chambers of heart are in relaxed state i.e they are in joint ______________ as the tricuspid and bicuspid valves are open

A

Diastole

74
Q

Blood from the pulmonary veins and vena cava flows into the left and the right ventricle respectively through the __________ and ___________ atria. The __________ valves are closed at this stage

A

Left atria
right atria

semilunar valves

75
Q

The SAN(sino-atrial node) generates an action potential which stimulates both the ___________ to undergo a simultaneous contraction which is called __________

A

atria
atrial systole

76
Q

atrial systole increases the flow of blood into the ventricles by about __________ percent

A

30

77
Q

The action potential is conducted to the ventricular side by the AVN(atrio-ventricular node) and AV bundle from where the _______________ transmits it through the entire ventricular musculature.

A

Bundle of His

78
Q

The action potential from AVN(atrio ventricular node) causes the ventricular muscles to contract, this is called __________________, the atria undergoes relaxation (diastole)

A

ventricular systole

79
Q

Ventricular systole increases the ventricular pressure causing the closure of __________ and _________ valves due to attempted backflow of blood into the atria.

A

tricuspid
bicuspid

80
Q

Ventricular systole increases the ventricular pressure, the _________ valves guarding the pulmonary artery (right side) and the aorta(left side) are forced open

A

semilunar

81
Q

after blood passes to pulmonary artery and aorta the ventricles now relax(ventricular diastole) and the ventricular pressure falls causing the closure of ____________ valves, which prevents the backflow of blood into the ventricles

A

semilunar

82
Q

when the ventricular pressure declines further, the _________ and ________ valves are pushed open by the pressure in the atria exerted by the blood which was being emptied into them by the veins

A

tricuspid
bicuspid

83
Q

Sequential event in the heart which is cyclically repeated is called ________ and it consists of systole and diastole of both the atria and ventricles

A

Cardiac cycle

84
Q

The heart beats ____ times per minute, i.e., that many cardiac cycle are performed per minute. from this it could be deduced that the duration of one cardiac cycle is ______ second

A

72

0.8

85
Q

During a cardiac cycle, each ventricle pumps our approximately ________ mL of blood which is called the ______ volume

A

70mL
stroke

86
Q

The stroke volume(70mL) multiplied by the heart rate (no. of beats per min) gives the ______________

A

cardiac output

it is in per min calculation

87
Q

The cardiac output can be defined as the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute and averages ________mL or ___ litres in a healthy individual

A

5000 mL
5 litres

88
Q

During each cardiac cycle two prominent sounds are produced which can be easily heard through a ____________

A

stethoscope

89
Q

The first heart sound (lub) is associated with the closure of the ___________ and __________ valves whereas the second heart sound (dub) is associated with the closure of the ________________.

A

tricuspid
bicuspid

semilunar valves

90
Q

_____________ machine is used to obtain an electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

Electro-cardiograph

91
Q

Each peak in the ECG is identified with a letter from ___ to ____ that corresponds to a specific electrical activity of the heart

A

P
T

92
Q

The P-wave represents the electrical excitation (or depolarisation) of the _________, which leads to the contraction of both the _________

A

atria
atria

93
Q

The QRS complex represents the depolarisation of the ___________, which initiates the ___________ contraction. The contraction starts shortly after Q and marks the beginning of the systole

A

ventricles
ventricular

94
Q

The T-wave represents the return of the __________ from excited to normal state (repolarisation)

A

Ventricles

95
Q

The blood flows strictly by a fixed route through Blood vessels, which is of two types ___________ and ____________

A

arteries

veins

96
Q

Each artery and vein consists of three layers
an inner lining of squamous endothelium, the ___________
a middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibres, the ___________
an external layer of fibrous connective tissue with collagen fibres, the ________

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa

97
Q

The tunica media is comparatively thin in the __________

A

veins

98
Q

The blood pumped by the right ventricles enters the __________ artery, whereas the left ventricle pumps blood into the ___________

A

Pulmonary artery
Aorta

note:- pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood
while pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood
else, every where in body artery carries oxygenated blood

99
Q

A unique vascular connection exists between the digestive tract and liver called ___________ , The hepatic portal vein carries blood from __________ to the liver before it is delivered to the systemic circulation

A

hepatic portal system
Intestine

note:- Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of the body. From the tissue capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins to the right atrium of the heart.

100
Q

Normal activities of the heart are auto regulated by specialised muscles(nodal tissue),hence the heart is called __________

A

Myogenic

101
Q

A special neural centre in the ______________ can moderate the cardiac function through autonomic nervous system(ANS)

A

medulla oblangata

102
Q

____________ is the term for blood pressure that is higher than normal (120/80)

A

Hypertension

103
Q

120mm Hg(millimeters of mercury pressure) is the _________ or pumping, pressure and 80 mm Hg is the _____________ or resting, pressure.

high blood pressure leads to heart diseases and also affect vital organs like brain and kidney

A

systolic
diastolic

104
Q

___________ artries supply blood to the heart muscles

A

Coronary arteries

105
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) often referred to as ______________, affects the vessels that supply blood to the heart muscles.It is caused by deposition of calcium, fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissues which makes the Lumen of arteries narrower

A

atherosclerosis

106
Q

Angina, a symptom of acute chest pain appears when no enough oxygen is reaching the heart muscles. it is also known as _____________

A

angina pectoris

107
Q

Heart failure sometimes called congestive heart failure because congestion of the _________ is one of the main symptoms of this disease.

A

lungs

108
Q

heart failure is not the same as cardiac arrest (______________) or a heart attack (when the heart muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate blood supply)

A

when the heart stops beating

Heart failure :-congestion of lungs
cardiac arrest :- heart stops beating
heart attack:-heart muscle suddenly damaged by inadequate blood supply

Biology XI (19 decks)

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