Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom Flashcards by Ashworks .

All members of Animalia are ____________, all of them do not exhibit the same pattern or organisation of cells.eg in Sponges, the cells are arranged as loose cell aggregates i.e they exhibit ______________ level of organisation.

Multicellular

Cellular level

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In Coelenterates, the arrangement of cells is more complex, Here th cells performing the same function are arranged into ____________, hence is called _____________ of organisation

Tissue

Tissue level of organisation

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_____________ level of organisation is exhibits by member of Platyhelminthes(Flat worm) and other higher Phyla where tissues are grouped together to form ____________, each specialised for a particular function

Organ Level

Organ

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In animal like Annelids , Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms and Chordates, organs have associated to form functional system, each system concerned with a specific physiological function. This Pattern is called _________________ level of organisation

Organ System

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The digestive system in Platyhelminthes has only a single opening to the outside of the body that serves as both mouth and anus, and is hence called ______________

Incomplete

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A complete digestive system has two openings _________ and ___________

Mouth

Anus

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In ____________ type Circulatory system, the blood is pumped out of the heart and the cells and tissue are directly bathed in it.
In ____________ type Circulatory system, the blood is circulated through a series of vessels of varying diameters (Arteries, vein and capillaries)

Open type

Closed type

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Animals can be categorised on the basis of their Symmetry. Sponges are mostly ______________, i.e any plane that passes through the centre does not divide them into equal halves

When any plane passing through the central axis of the body divides the organism into Two identical halves is called _____________

When the body can be divided into identical left and right halves in only one plane is called __________

Asymmetrical

Radial Symmetry (ex- Coelenterates, ctenophores and Echinoderms have this kind of symmetry)

Bilateral Symmetry (ex- Annelids, Arghropods)

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Animals in which the cells are arranged in two embryonic layers, an external __________ and an internal ___________, are called Diploblastic eg:- Coelenterates , An Undifferentiated layer , ______________ is present in between external and internal layer

ectoderm

Endoderm

Mesoglea

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Those animals in which the developing embryo has a third germinal layer___________ in between the ectoderm and endoderm are called Triploblastic animals (Platyhelminthes to chordates)

Mesoderm
(undifferentiated mesoglea get differentiated and make mesoderm in triploblastic animals)

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Presence or absence of a cavity between the body wall and the gut wall is very important in classification, The body cavity, which is lined by Mesoderm is called ___________ and Animals possessing this is called ___________

Coelom
Coelomates
(eg-Annelids, molluscs, Arthropods, Echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates)

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In some animals, the body cavity is not lined by mesoderm, Instead the mesoderm is present as scattered pouches in between the ectoderm and endoderm , Such a body cavity is called ___________________ and the animals possessing them are called ___________________

Pseudocoelom

Pseudocoelomates (eg- Aschelminthes)

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The animals in which the Body Cavity is absent are called ___________

Acoelomates
(eg- Platyhelminthes)

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In some animals, the body is externally and Internally divided into segments with a serial repetition of at least some organs, eg in Annelids (earthworm), the body shows this pattern called ________________ segmentation and the phenomenon is known as ______________

Metameric segmentation

Metamerism

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____________ is mesodermally derived rod-like structure formed on the Dorsal side during embryonic development in some Animals. animals with ____________ are called Chordates and those which do not form this structure are Called Non- Chordates e.g- Porifera to echinoderms

Notochord

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How many phylum are there in Animal kingdom

Porifera (Sponges)
Coelenterata (Hydra)
Ctenophora (Pleurobrachia and Ctenoplana) -emit light
Platyhelminthes (Tapeworm, Liver fluke)
Aschelminthes (Round worm)
Annelida (Earthworm)
Arthropoda (honeybee,silkworm,lacinsects)
Mollusca (Apple snail, octopus)
*Echinodermata (Starfish , sea cucumber)
Hemichordata (Balanoglossus , saccoglossus)
Chordata

Echinodermata exhibits radial or Bilateral symmetry depending on stage (at larval its bilateral symmetrical)

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Phylum Porifera members are commonly known as _____________, They are generally marine and symmetry is ______________

Sponges

Asymmetrical (no symmetry)

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Sponges have a water transport or canal system. Water enters through minute pores called ____________in the body wall into a central cavity ___________, from where it goes out through the _____________ This pathway of water transport is helpful in food gathering, Respiratory exchanges and removal of waste.

Ostia
Spongocoel
Osculum

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_____________ or Collar cells line the Spongocoel and the canals, digestion is intracellular is Sponges

Choanocytes

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Porifera or sponges body is supported by a skeleton made up of ____________or spongin fibres

Spicules

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In Porifera sexes are not separate which is also known as ______________

Hermaphrodite

I.e eggs and sperms are produced by the same individual

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Common name of these Sponges (phylum porifera) are

Sycon (__________)
Euspongia (___________)
Spongilla (__________)

Sycon (Scypha)
Euspongia (Bath Sponge)
Spongilla(Fresh water sponge)

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phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria), the name Cnidaria is derived from the ___________ or ______________(Which contain the stinging capsules or _______________) present on the tentacles and the body

Cnidoblasts
Cnidocytes
Nematocysts

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Cnidarians exhibits __________ level of organisation and are Diploblastic

Tissue Level

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**Cnidarians** have a central gastro-vascular cavity with a single opening, mouth on ________________

**Hypostome** Hypostome (cnidarian), the oral tip surrounded by **tentacles** in hydrozoan cnidarians.

Some of the **Cnidarians**, eg:- **corals** have a skeleton composed of _______________

**Calcium Carbonate**

**Cnidarians** exhibit two basic body forms called ___________ and ___________

**Medusa** eg:- **Aurelia or Jelly fish** **Polyp** eg:- **Hydra**, **Adamsia**

**Cnidarians** which exist in both forms exhibit **alternation of generation** (_______________) i.e polyps produce **Medusae** Asexually and Medusae form the **Polyp** sexually .

**Metagenesis** eg:- Obelia

Common names of these **Cnidarians** are 1. Physalia 2. Adamsia 3. Pennatula 4. Gorgonia 5. Meandrina

1. Physalia -**Portuguese man-of-war** 2.Adamsia - **Sea anemone** 3.Pennatula - **Sea-Pen** 4.Gorgonia - **Sea Fan** 5.Meandrina - **Brain Coral**

Animals in Phylum **Ctenophora** are commonly known as __________ or ____________

**Sea walnuts** **comb jellies**

Ctenophores body bears ______ number of external rows of **Ciliated comb plates** which help in locomotion

**Eight** (8)

___________________ (The property of a living organism to emit light) is well marked in Ctenophores

**Bioluminescence** eg:- **Pleurobrachia** and **Ctenoplana**

**Phylum-Platyhelminthes** have **dorso-ventrally** flattened body, hence are called ___________ and are mostly **endoparasites**- found in animals including human beings

**Flatworms**

**Flatworms are _________ symmetrical, triploblastic and **Acoelomate** animals with **organ level of organisation**

**Bilaterally**

**Platyhelminthes** have Specialised cells called _____________ , which help in **Osmoregulation and excretion**, sexes are not separate.

**Flame Cells**

Examples of **Platyhelminthes** are 1.____________ 2.____________ 3.____________

1.**Planaria** (possess high regeneration capacity) 2. **Taenia** (Tapeworm) 3.**Fasciola**(Liver Fluke)

Phylum **Aschelminthes** have circular body hence , the name is ________________

**Roundworms**

Roundworms (**Aschelminthes**) have _________ level of body organisation

**Organ system**

Roundworms (**Aschelminthes**) are _____________ symmetrical, triploblastic and **Pseudocoelomate** animals

**Bilaterally**

Examples of **Aschelminthes** are 1.___________ 2.___________ 3.___________

1.**A**scaris (Roundworm) 2.**W**uchereria (Filaria worm) 3.**A**ncylostoma (Hookworm)

Phylum **Annelida** exhibits _________ level of body organisation and **bilateral symmetry**, they are triploblastic, **metamerically segmented** **Coelomate** animals.

**Organ-system**

Annelids body surface is distinctly marked out into **Segments** or _____________ and , hence the phylum name **Annelida** (Latin, annulus: **Little ring**)

**Metameres**

Aquatic annelids like **Nereis** possess lateral appendages called _________________ which helps in swmming.

**Parapodia**

in Annelids __________________ help in **Osmoregulation** and **excretion**

**Nephridia** (sing- Nephridium) **Osmoregulation** is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the **homeostasis** of the organism's water content

**Nereis**, is **Dioecious** but **Earthworm** and **Leeches** are _____________

**Monoecious** animals which possess both **male and female** reproductive organs on the **animal** are known as **monoecious**. Animals which possess **either male** reproductive organ or **female** reproductive organ are known as **dioecious**

Examples of **Phylum** - Annelida are 1._________ 2._________ 3._________

1. Nereis 2. Pheretima (Earthworm) 3. Hirudinaria (Blood sucking leech)

Phylum ______________ is the **largest phylum** of animal kingdom which includes **Insects**

**Arthropoda** over **two-thirds** of all named species on earth are **arthropods**

The body of **Arthropods** is covered by _____________ exoskeleton.

**Chitinous**

The body of Arthropods is divided into three parts name as _____________ , ______________ and ____________. They have joined appendages(joint legs)

**Head** **Thorax** **Abdomen**

In Arthropods the **Circulatory system** is of ______________ Type

**Open type**

In **Arthropods** , **Excretion** takes place through __________________

**Malpighian tubules**

**Arthropods** are mostly **Oviparous** _____________animals reproduce by **laying eggs** and _____________animals reproduce by giving **birth to young ones**

oviparous viviparous

Economically important **Arthropods**(insects) are 1. 2. 3.

1. **Apis** (Honey bee) 2. **Bombyx** (Silkworm) 3. **Laccifer** (Lac insect)

**Arthropods** which acts as **Vectors** are 1. 2. 3.

1. Anopheles 2.Culex 3.Aedes Mosquitoes **Vectors** are living organisms that transmit diseases between individuals

**Gregarious pest** in Arthropod is _____________

**Locusta** (locust) The pests that live, move or attack the crops or other things collectively in a flock with others company are known as **gregarious pest**

**Living Fossil** in Arthropod is _____________

**Limulus**(King Crab) Limulus or the King crab continues to remain unchanged for past 190 million years. Hence it is called living fossil.

___________ is the **Second Largest** animal phylum

**Mollusca**

**Mollusca** have _______________ level of organisation and are **Bilaterally symmetrical**, triploblastic and **Coelomate** animals

**Organ-system**

Mollusca body is covered by a **calcareous shell**, muscular foot and ______________

**Visceral Hump**

The mouth of **molluscs** contains a file like rasping organ for feeding , called ____________

**Radula**

Examples of molluscs are 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 8

1.**Pila** (Apple Snail) 2.**Pinctada (Pearl oyster) 3.**Sepia** (Cuttlefish) 4.**Loligo**(Squid) 5.**Octopus**(Devil fish) 6.**Aplysia** (sea-hare) 7.**Dentalium**(Tusk shell) 8.**Chaetopleura** (chiton)

Phylum **Echinodermata** animals have an endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles , the name Echinodermata means ______________

**Spiny bodies**

The adult Echinoderms are **radially symmetrical** but the **larval stage** of echinoderms are _____________

**Bilaterally** symmetrical

Echinoderms **Digestive system** is ______________ with mouth on the **lower(ventral)** side and Anus on the **upper(dorsal)** side.

**Complete**

The most distinctive feature of **Echinoderms** is the presence of ______________________ System which helps in locomotion, capture and transport of food and respiration

**Water vascular system**

Examples of Echinoderms are:- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

**Asterias** (Star fish) **Echinus** (Sea urchin) **Antedon** (sea lily) **Cucumaria** (Sea cucumber) **Ophiura** (Brittle star)

Phylum **Hemichordata** was earlier considered as a sub-phylum under phylum ___________________

**Chordata**

**Hemichordates** have a rudimentary (undeveloped or vestigial) structure in the **collar region** called _______________, similar to **Notochord**, and have **Organ-system** level of organisation.

**Stomochord**

Hemichordates body is cylindrical and is composed of an anterior ______________ , a **Collar** and a long **trunk**. Circulatory system is **Open type**

**Proboscis**

Excretory organ in Hemichordates is ________________.

**Proboscis Gland**

______________ and _______________ are the animals which belongs to phylum hemichordata

**Blanoglossus** and **Saccoglossus**

Phylum **chordata** is characterised by the presence of a **Notochord**, a **dorsal hollow nerve cord** and ______________

**Paired pharyngeal gill slits**

Central nervous system is dorsal, hollow and single in _____________ Central nervous system is ventral, solid and double in _____________

**Chordates** **Non Chordates**

The ____________ is a rod-like structure made of a cartilage-like substance that is found in the **early embryonic stages** of all chordates. Some organisms retain a _____________ into adulthood, whereas **vertebrates** develop a **vertebral column** made of bone or cartilage.

**Notochord** **Notochord**

Phylum **Chordata** is divided into three **sub-phyla** i.e **Urochordata**(Tunicata) , **Cephalochordata** and ______________

**Vertebrata**

Subphyla **Urochordata** and **Cephalochordata** are often referred as ______________

**Protochordates**

In **Urochordata (Tunicata), the **notochord** is present only in ___________ , while in **Cephalochordata**, it extends from head to tail region and is remain throughout their life.

**Larval Tail**

**Ascidia, Salpa and Doliolum** belongs to _____________ **Branchiostoma** (Amphioxus or Lancelet) belongs to _______________

**Urochordata** **Cephalochordata**

All the members of subphylum **vertebrata** possess **Notochord** during the ______________. The notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony _____________

**Embryonic period** note:- (thus all the vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates) **Vertebral column**

Subphylum **Vertebrata** divides in to **two**(2) **Division** 1.Agnatha (Lack jaw) 2. ____________

**Gnathostomata** (bear jaws)

Class **Cyclostomata** comes under **Division** _____________

**Agnatha** (Lack jaw)

Cyclostomata are **ectoparasites** on some fishes. They have an elongated body bearing 6-15 pairs of _____________ for respiration . they have without jaw mouth

**Gill slits**

**Cyclostomes** are marine but migrate for spawning to ___________. After spawning, within a few days, they die. Their larvae, after metamorphosis, return to the ocean.

**Fresh water** **Petromyzon** (Lamprey) and **Myxine** (hagfish)

Division **Gnathostomata** further divides in two(**2**) **Super Class** ___________ and ________________

**Pisces**(Bear Fins) **Tetrapoda** (Bear Limbs)

**Super Class** Pisces further divides in two Classes ______________ and _____________

**Chondrichthyes**(Cartilaginous fishes) **Osteichthyes** (Bony Fishes)

**Chondrichthyes** have **cartilaginous** endoskeleton. Mouth is located ventrally. Gill slits are separate and without ___________ (gill cover)

**Operculum**(gill cover)

**Chondrichthyes** skin containing minute ____________ scales, **Air bladder** is __________ , they have to swim constantly to avoid sinking.

**Placoid** **Absent**

In **Chondrichthyes** heart is ___________ chambered (_________ auricle and _______ventricle)

**Two** **One** **One**

Some **Chondrichthyes** like ***Torpedo*** have ______________ organs, and some like ***Trygon*** posses ___________

*Electric** **Poison sting**

**Chondrichthyes** are **cold-blooded** (____________)

**Poikilothermous** (They cant regulate their body temperature)

**Chondrichthyes** have internal fertilisation and many of them are _______________

**Viviparous** (give birth to young ones)

Chondrichthyes examples are 1. 2. 3. 4.

1.**Scoliodon** (dog fish) 2.**Pristis**(Saw fish) 3. Carcharodon (**Great white shark**) 4. Trygon (**Sting ray**)

**Osteichthyes**(Bony Fish) , mouth is mostly **Terminal**. They have **four** pairs of gills which are covered by an ____________ on each side

**Operculum**

**Osteichthyes** skin is covered with ___________ scales.

**Cycloid/ctenoid**

In **Osteichthyes**(Bony fish) **Air bladder** is present which regulates ________________

**Buoyancy**

In **Osteichthyes**(Bony fish) , Firtilisation is usually _____________, They are mostly **Oviparous** (Lay eggs)

**External**

examples of **Marine** and **Freshwater** Osteichthyes(**Bony fish**) are

Marine- **Exocoetus** (Flying fish) , **Hippocampus** (sea horse) Freshwater - Labeo(**Rohu**) ,Catla (**katla**), Clarias (**Magur**)

examples of **Aquarium** Osteichthyes(**Bony fish**) are

**Pterophyllum**(Angel fish) and **Betta** (fighting fish)

**Class** _________ , animal can live in aquatic as well as terrestrial habitats

**Amphibians**

In **Amphibians** the heart is _________ chambered (_________ auricles and ________ ventricle)

**Three** **two** **One**

examples of Amphibians and their common names are 1. Bufo (___________) 2. Rana (___________) 3. Hyla (___________) 4. Salamandra (__________) 5. Ichthyophis (_______________)

1. Bufo (**Toad**) 2. Rana (**Frog**) 3. Hyla (**Tree Frog**) 4. Salamandra (**Salamander**) 5. Ichthyophis (**Limbless amphibia**)

The **Class** name _______________ refers to their creeping or **crawling** mode of locomotion (Latin, **repere** or reptum , to creep or **crawl**)

**Reptilia**

**Reptiles** are mostly terretrial animals and their body is covered by dry and cornified skin, epidermal __________ or ________

**Scales** **Scutes**

In **Reptiles** heart is mostly _________ chambered, but ________ chambered in **Crocodile**

**Three** (two auricle, one ventricle) **Four** (two auricle, two ventricle)

Common name of these reptiles are Chelone (____________) Testudo (____________) Chameleon (__________) **Calotes** (__________) Crocodilus (__________) Alligator (______________)

Chelone (Turtle) Testudo (Tortoise) Chameleon (Tree lizard) Calotes (**Garden lizard**) Crocodilus (Crocodile) Alligator (Alligator)

common name of Poisonous snakes of class **Reptilia** Naja (__________) **Bangarus** (________) Vipera (_________)

Naja (Cobra) Bangarus (**Krait**) Vipera (Viper)

Class **Aves**(birds), most characteristic features are the presence of ____________ and most of them can fly except flightless bird __________

**feathers** **Ostrich**

In Class **Aves**(birds), forelimbs are modified into _____________

**Wings**

In Class **Aves**(birds), Skin is dry without **Glands** except the _________ glands at the **Base of the tail**

**Oil glands**

In Class **Aves**(birds), endoskeleton is fully made up of bones and the long bones are **hollow** with _____________

**Air Cavities**(Pneumatic)

The digestive tract of the **birds** has additional chambers, ________ and ____________

**Crop** **Gizzard**

In birds , heart is __________ chambered and they are **warm-blooded**(________________)

**Four- Chambered** **Homoiothermous** -warm blooded (they are able to maintain a constant body temperature

Scientific name of birds **Crow**__________ **Pigeon**_________ **Parrot**__________ **Ostrich**_________ **Peacock**___________ **Penguin**__________ **Vulture** __________ is

crow- **Corvus** Pigeon- **Columba** Parrot- **Psittacula** Ostrich- **Struthio** Peacock- **Pavo** Penguin- **Aptenodytes** Vulture- **Neophron**

The most unique **class**-mammalia animal characteristic is the presence of **milk** producing glands called ______________

**Mammary glands**

The **Skin** of **mammals** is unique in possessing ____________, external ears or __________ are present

**Hair** **Pinnae**

Mammals are **Viviparous** with exception ________________, which is **Oviparous**

**Ornithorhynchus** (platypus) **Oviparous** means -egg laying mammal

Scientific name of **Viviparous** mammals Kangaroo ___________ Flying fox ___________ Camel ____________ Monkey ___________ Rat _____________ Dog _____________ Cat _____________ Elephant _____________ Horse ________________ Common dolphin ____________ Blue whale ________________ Tiger _______________ Lion _________________

Kangaroo- **Macropus** Flying fox- **Pteropus** Camel- **Camelus** Monkey- **Macaca** Rat- **Rattus** Dog- **Canis** Cat- **Felis** Elephant- **Elephas** Horse- **Equus** Common dolphin- **Delphinus** Blue whale- **Balaenoptera** Tiger- **Panthera tigris** Lion- **Panthera leo**

___________ is the phylum where **Level of organisation** is ***Cellular***, and **Distinctive feature** is ***Body with pores and canals in wall***

**Porifera**

___________ is the phylum where **Level of organisation** is ***Tissue*** **Symmetry** is ***Radial*** **Digestive system** is ***incomplete*** **Distinctive feature** is ***Cnidoblasts***cells

**Coelenterata** (Cnidaria)

___________ is the phylum where **Level of organisation** is ***Tissue*** **Symmetry** is ***Radial*** **Digestive system** is ***incomplete*** **Distinctive feature** is ***Comb plates for locomotion***cells

**Ctenophora**

___________ is the phylum where **Level of organisation** is ***Organ and organ system*** **Symmetry** is ***Bilateral*** **Digestive system** is ***incomplete*** **Distinctive feature** is ***Flat body and suckers***cells

**Platyhelminthes**

___________ is the phylum where **Level of organisation** is ***Organ system*** **Symmetry** is ***Bilateral*** **Coelom** is ***Pseudocoelomate*** **Digestive system** is ***Complete*** **Distinctive feature** is ***Worm shaped, round and elongated***cells

**Aschelminthes**

___________ is the phylum where **Level of organisation** is ***Organ system*** **Symmetry** is ***Bilateral*** **Coelom** is ***coelomate*** **Segmentation** is ***present*** **Digestive system** is ***Complete*** **Circulatory system** is ***present*** **Distinctive feature** is ***Body segmentation like rings***cells

**Annelida**

___________ is the phylum where **Level of organisation** is ***Organ system*** **Symmetry** is ***Bilateral*** **Coelom** is ***coelomate*** **Segmentation** is ***present*** **Digestive system** is ***Complete*** **Circulatory system** is ***present*** -->**Respiratory system*** is ***present*** **Distinctive feature** is ***exoskeleton of cuticle, jointed appendages***cells

**Arthropoda**

___________ is the phylum where **Level of organisation** is ***Organ system*** **Symmetry** is ***Bilateral*** **Coelom** is ***coelomate*** **Digestive system** is ***Complete*** **Circulatory system** is ***present*** -->**Respiratory system** is ***present*** **Distinctive feature** is ***external skeleton of shell usually present***cells

**Mollusca**

___________ is the phylum where **Level of organisation** is ***Organ system*** **Symmetry** is ***Radial*** **Coelom** is ***coelomate*** **Digestive system** is ***Complete*** **Circulatory system** is ***present*** -->**Respiratory system** is ***present*** **Distinctive feature** is ***Water vascular system, radial symmetry***cells

**Echinodermata**

**HemiChordata**

___________ is the phylum where **Level of organisation** is ***Organ system*** **Symmetry** is ***Bilateral*** **Coelom** is ***coelomate*** -->**Segmentation** is ***present*** **Digestive system** is ***Complete*** **Circulatory system** is ***present*** -->**Respiratory system** is ***present*** **Distinctive feature** is ***Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, gill slits with limbs or fins***cells

**Chordata**