Chapter 19: Chemical Coordination and Integration

Question 1

The neural system and the ____________________ system jointly coordinate and regulate the physiological function in the body.

Answer 1

endocrine system

Question 2

Endocrine glands lack ducts and are hence, called ____________ glands.

Answer 2

ductless glands

Question 3

Secretions from endocrine glands are called _______________

Answer 3

Hormones

Question 4

_______________ are non-nutrient chemicals which act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts.

Answer 4

Hormones

Question 5

The endocrine glands and hormone producing diffused tissues/cells located in different parts of our body constitute the ___________________

Answer 5

endocrine system

Question 6

pituitary
Pineal
Thyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Parathyroid
Thymus
Gonads (testis in males and ovary in females)

are the organised __________________ bodies in our body

Answer 6

Endocrine bodies

Question 7

Gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney , heart also produce ________________

Answer 7

Hormones

Question 8

The ___________________ is the basal part of diencephalon, forebrain and it regulates a wide spectrum of body function

Answer 8

Hypothalamus

Question 9

Hypothalamus contains several groups of neurosecretory cells called nuclei which produce hormones and these hormones regulate the synthesis and secretion of _______________ hormones

Answer 9

pituitary hormones

Question 10

The hormones produced by hypothalamus are of two types:-
1.____________________
2.____________________

Answer 10

1. releasing hormones (which stimulate secretion of pituitary hormones)
2. inhibiting hormones (which inhibit secretions of pituitary hormones)

Question 11

A hypothalamic hormone called Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the pituitary synthesis and release of _______________________

Answer 11

Gonadotrophins

Question 12

Somatostatin from the hypothalamus inhibits the release of ________________ hormone from the pituitary.

Answer 12

growth hormone

Question 13

For _____________ pituitary the hormones from hypothalamus reach the pituitary gland through a portal circulatory system. The posterior pituitary is under the direct neural regulation of the __________________

Answer 13

Anterior pituitary

Hypothalamus

Question 14

The pituitary gland is located in a bony cavity called ________________ and is attached to hypothalamus by a stalk.

Answer 14

sella tursica

Question 15

pituitary gland is divided anatomically into two parts ,_____________________ and __________________________

Answer 15

adenohypophysis
neurohypophysis

Question 16

Adenohypophysis consists of two portions, pars_____________ and pars_________________

Answer 16

pars distalis
pars intermedia

Question 17

The pars _____________ region of pituitary, commonly called anterior pituitary, produces
Growth hormone(GH)
Prolactin(PRL)
thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone(ACTH)
Luteinizing hormone(LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)

Answer 17

Pars distalis (Anterior pituitary)

Question 18

Pars intermedia secretes only one hormone called __________________. However, in humans, the pars intermedia is almost merged with pars distalis

Answer 18

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

Question 19

Neurohypophysis ( Pars nervosa) also known as _______________, stores and releases two hormones called ______________ and _________________, which are actually sysnthesised by the hypothalamus and are transported axonally to neurohypophysis.

Answer 19

posterior pituitary
oxytocin
vasopressin

Question 20

Over-secretion of GH (growth hormones) stimulates abnormal growth of the body leading to _______________ and low secretion of GH results in stunted growth resulting pituitary_______________

Answer 20

gigantism
pituitary dwarfism

Question 21

Excess secretion of growth hormone* in adults especially in middle age can result in severe disfigurement (especially of the face) called ______________

Answer 21

Acromegaly

Question 22

_________________ regulates the growth of the mammary glands and formation of milk in them.

Answer 22

Prolactin

Question 23

_____________ stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland

Answer 23

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormones)

Question 24

_____________ stimulates the synthesis and secretion of **steroid hormones called glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

Answer 24

ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone)

Question 25

**LH**(luteinizing hormone) and **FSH** (follicle stimulating hormone) stimulate **gonadal activity** and hence are called __________________

Answer 25

**gonadotrophins**

Question 26

In males, **LH** stimulates the synthesis and secretion of hormones called ____________ from **testis**

Answer 26

**androgens**

Question 27

In males, **FSH** and **androgens** regulate ____________________

Answer 27

**spermatogenesis**

Question 28

In **females**, **LH** induces **ovulation** of fully mature follicles (graafian follicles) and maintains the _______________, formed from the remnants of the **graafian follicles** after ovulation.

Answer 28

**corpus luteum**

Question 29

**FSH** stimulates growth and development of the ____________ in **females**

Answer 29

**ovarian follicles**

Question 30

_______________ acts on the melanocytes (melanin containing cells) and regulates pigmentation of the skin.

Answer 30

**MSH** (melanocyte stimulating hormone)

Question 31

_______________ acts on the **smooth muscles** of our body and stimulates their contractions. In females, it stimulates a vigorous contraction of uterus at the time of **child birth**, and **milk ejection** from the mammary gland.

Answer 31

**Oxytocin**

Question 32

_________________ acts mainly at the kidney and stimulates resorption of water and electrolytes by **distal tubules** and thereby reduces loss of water through urine (diuresis). Hence, it is also called as **antidiuretic hormone** (ADH)

Answer 32

**Vasopressin** ( also called **ADH**)

Question 33

An impairment affecting synthesis or release of **ADH** results in a diminished ability of the kidney to conserve water leading to **water loss** and **dehydration**. This condition is known as ________________

Answer 33

**Diabetes insipidus**

Question 34

The **pineal gland** is located on the dorsal side of _______________-_____

Answer 34

**forebrain**

Question 35

**Pineal secretes** a hormone called ________________

Answer 35

**melatonin**

Question 36

The **thyroid gland** is composed of two lobes which are located on either side of the _______________

Answer 36

**trachea**

Question 37

Both the lobes of **thyroid gland** are interconnected with a thin flap of connective tissue called ______________

Answer 37

**isthmus**

Question 38

The **thyroid gland** is composed of ____________ and ______________ tissues.

Answer 38

**follicles** **stromal tissues**

Question 39

The **follicular cells** synthesise two hormones, ________________ or **thyroxine** (T₄) and ________________ .

Answer 39

**tetraiodothyronine** (Thyroxine) (T₄) **triiodothyronine** (T₃)

Question 40

____________ is essential for the normal rate of hormone synthesis in the **thyroid gland**

Answer 40

**Iodine**

Question 41

Deficiency of **Iodine** in our diet results in **hypothyroidism** and enlargement of the thyroid gland, commonly called _____________

Answer 41

**goiter**