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Biology XI > Chapter 14: Breathing and exchange of Gases > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Breathing and exchange of Gases Flashcards

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1
Q

__________ an Italian anatomist, was born in 1822, began his scientific career studying the cardiovascular system of reptiles

A

Alfonso Corti
(1822-1888)

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2
Q

Alfonso Corti turned his attention to the mammalian___________, in 1951

A

Auditory system

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3
Q

Alfonso Corti published a paper describing a structure located on the basilar membrane of the cochlea containing hair cells that convert sound vibrations into nerve impulses, the _____________

A

Organ of Corti

Alfonso Corti died in 1888

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4
Q

_____________ is utilised by the organisms to indirectly break down simple molecules like glucose, amino acid, fatty acids etc

A

Oxygen (O2)

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5
Q

________________ which is harmfulalso released during the break down of simple molecules

A

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

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6
Q

O2 has to be continuously provided to the cells and CO2 produced by the cells have to be released out. This process of exchange of O2 from the atmosphere with CO2 produced by the cells is called _____________, commonly known as ____________

A

breathing
respiration

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7
Q

Lower invertebrates like sponges, coelenterates, flatworms exchange O2 with CO2 by _______________ over their entire body surface

A

simple diffusion

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8
Q

Earthworms use their ___________ and insects have a network of tubes (_______________) to transport atmospheric air within the body

A

moist cuticle
tracheal tubes

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9
Q

Special vascularised structures called gills(___________________) are used by most of the aquatic arthropods and molluscs

A

branchial respiration

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10
Q

Vascularised bags called ____________ (pulmonary respiration) are used by the terrestrial forms for the exchange of gases. among vertebrates, fishes use ___________ whereas amphibians,reptiles, birds and mammals respire through Lungs

A

Lungs

gills

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11
Q

Amphibians like frogs can respire through their moist skin known as __________________

A

Cutaneous respiration

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12
Q

the nasal chamber opens into the ______________ a portion of which is common passage for food and air

A

Pharynx

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13
Q

The pharynx opens through the Larynx region into the ___________

A

Trachea

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14
Q

Larynx is a cartilaginous box which helps in sound production and hence called the _______________

A

sound box (larynx)

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15
Q

During swallowing glottis can be covered by a thin elastic cartilaginous flap called ________________ to prevent the entry of food into the Larynx

A

epiglottis

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16
Q

Trachea is a straight tube extending up to mid-thoracic cavity, which divides at the level of ______thoracic vertebra into a right and left primary _____________

A

5th
bronchi

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17
Q

Each Bronchi undergoes repeated divisions to form the secondary and tertiary bronchi ending up in very thin terminal ______________

A

Bronchioles

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18
Q

The tracheae, primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi and intitial bronchioles are supported by incomplete ______________ rings

A

cartilaginous

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19
Q

each terminal bronchioles give rise to a number of very thin, irregular-walled and vascularised bag-like structures called ___________

A

alveoli

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20
Q

Humans have two lungs which are covered by a double layer___________, with ___________ fluid between them

A

Pleura

Pleural fluid

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21
Q

External nostrils up to the terminal bronchioles constitute the conducting part whereas the alveoli and their ducts form the ________________________ part of the respiratory system.

A

respiratory or exchange

conducting part:- transport the atmospheric air to the alveoli

Exchange part:- the site of actual diffusion of O2 and CO2 between blood and atmospheric air

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22
Q

The lungs are situated the the ____________ chamber, which is formed dorsally the the vertebral column, ventrally by the sternum, laterally by the ribs and on the lower side by the dome shaped _______________

A

thoracic chamber

Diaphragm

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23
Q

Respiration involves 5 steps
1. Breathing or pulmonary ventilation in which _______
2. Exchange at the surface of ___________
3. Transport of gases by ____________
4. Exchange of gases at __________ level
5. Cellular respiration as ___________

A

1.atmospheric air is drawn in CO2 rich alveolar air is released out
2. Alveoli
3. Blood
4. tissue
5. **utilisation of O2 by the cells for catabolic reactions and resultant release of CO2

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24
Q

Breathing involves two stages ,____________ during which atmospheric air is drawn in and ___________ by which the alveolar air is released out

A

Inspiration
expiration

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25
Q

Inspiration can occur if the pressure within the lungs(intra-pulmonary pressure) is _____________ than the atmospheric pressure
i.e., there is a negative pressure in the lungs with respect to atmospheric pressure

A

less than

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26
Q

Expiration takes place whin the intra-pulmonary pressure is ____________ than the atmospheric pressure

A

higher

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27
Q

The diaphragm and a specialised set of muscles-external and internal intercostals between the ___________, help in generation of pressure gradient

A

Ribs

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28
Q
A
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29
Q

Inspiration is initiated by the contraction of ____________ which increases the volume of thoracic chamber

A

diaphragm

30
Q

An increase in the pulmonary volume decreases the intra-pulmonary pressure to less than the _______________ which forces the air from outside to move into the lungs

A

atmospheric pressure

31
Q

On an average, a healthy human breathes _____________ times/minute

A

12-16

32
Q

The volume of air involved in breathing movements can be estimated by using a ____________ which helps in clinical assessment of pulmonary functions

A

spirometer

33
Q

______________ is volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration. it is approx. _________mL.

a healthy man can inspire or expire approximately ___________mL of air per minute

A

Tidal Volume (TV)
500 mL
6000 to 8000 mL

34
Q

___________________ is additional volume of air , a person can inspire by a forcible inspiration. This averages _________ mL to ___________ mL

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
2500 to 3000mL

35
Q

____________________ is additional volume of air , a person can expire by a forcible expiration. This averages __________ mL to __________ mL

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
1000 to 1100 mL

36
Q

_____________ is volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible expiration. This averages ___________ to __________ mL

A

Residual Volume
1100 to 1200 mL

37
Q

_______ types of respiratory volumes namely
1. Tidal volume (TD) ________________ mL
2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) ______________ mL
3. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) _____________mL
4. Residual volume (RV) ____________mL

A

6000 to 8000 mL
2500 to 3000 mL
1000 to 1100 mL
1100 to 1200 mL

38
Q

________________ capacity is the total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration

A

Inspiratory capacity (IC) = TV + IRV

This includes tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

39
Q

________________ capacity is the total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration

A

Expiratory capacity (EC) = TV + ERV

This includes tidal volume and Expiratory reserve volume

40
Q

________________ capacity is the volume of air that will remain in the lungs after a normal expiration

A

Functional Residual capacity (FRC) = ERV + RV

41
Q

_____________ capacity is the maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration or the maximum volume of air a person can breath out after a forced inspiration

A

Vital Capacity (VC)

VC = ERV + TV + IRV

42
Q

Total lung Capacity (TLC) is the Total Volume of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration
This includes __________ , ___________ , ___________ and _______________

A

RV
ERV
TV
IRV
or

vital capacity + Residual volume

43
Q

___________ are the primary sites of exchange of gases. Exchange of gases also occur between blood and tissue

A

alveoli

44
Q

Pressure contributed by an individual gas in a mixture of gases is called _____________ and is represented as pO2 for oxygen and pCO2 for carbon dioxide

A

Partial pressure

45
Q

Partial pressure of pO2 in atmospheric air is __________ mm Hg
Partial pressure of pCO2 in atmospheric air is __________ mm Hg

A

159
0.3

46
Q

Partial pressure of pO2 in alveoli is __________ mm Hg
Partial pressure of pCO2 in alveoli is __________ mm Hg

A

104
40

47
Q

Partial pressure of pO2 in deoxygenated blood is __________ mm Hg
Partial pressure of pCO2 in deoxygenated is __________ mm Hg

A

40
45

48
Q

Partial pressure of pO2 in oxygenated blood is __________ mm Hg
Partial pressure of pCO2 in oxygenated is __________ mm Hg

A

95
40

49
Q

Partial pressure of pO2 in Tissues is __________ mm Hg
Partial pressure of pCO2 in Tissues is __________ mm Hg

A

40
45

note opposite to deoxygenated blood

50
Q

As the solubility of CO2 is ____________ times higher than that of O2, the amount of CO2 that can diffuse through the diffusion membrane per unit difference in partial pressure is much higher compare to that of O2

A

20-25

51
Q

The diffusion membrane is made up to three major layers
1. The thin squamous epithelium of _________
2. The endothelium of alveolar ______________
3. The basement substance

A

alveoli

Capillaries

52
Q

Blood is the medium of transport of O2 and CO2.
About _______ % of O2 is transported by RBCs in blood.
The remaining _____% of O2 is carried in dissolved state through the Plasma

A

97 %
3 %

53
Q

______ % of CO2 is transported by RBCs whereas 70 % of it is carried as __________.
About ______% of CO2 is carried in a dissolved state through plasma

A

20 -25 %

bicarbonate

7 %

54
Q

Haemoglobin is a red coloured iron containing pigment present in the __________. O2 can bind with haemoglobin in a reversible manner to form ______________

A

RBCs

oxyhaemoglobin

55
Q

Each Haemoglobin molecule can carry a maximum of _________ molecules of O2

A

four

56
Q

In alveoli, where there is high pO2 , low pCO2, lesser H+ concentration and lower temperature, the factors are all favourable for the formation of __________________

A

oxyhaemoglobin

57
Q

In the tissues, where low pO2, high pCO2, high H+ concentration and higher temperature exist, the condition are favourable for dissociation of _____________ from the oxyhaemoglobin

A

oxygen

58
Q

Every 100 mL of oxygenated blood can deliver around ______ mL of O2 to the tissues under normal physiological conditions

A

5 ml

59
Q

CO2 is carried by haemoglobin as ____________________ (about 20-25 per cent)

A

carbamino-haemoglobin

60
Q

RBCs contain a very high concentration of the enzyme, ______________ and minute quantities of the same is present in the plasma too

A

carbonic anhydrase

61
Q

At the tissue site where partial pressure of CO2 is high due to catabolism, CO2 diffuses into blood (RBCs and plasma) and forms __________ and __________

A

HCO3-
H+

62
Q

At the alveolar site where pCO2 is low, the reaction proceeds in the opposite direction leading to the formation of _______ and __________

A

CO2
H2O

63
Q

CO2 trapped as _________________ at the tissue level and transported to the alveoli is released out as CO2

A

bicarbonate

64
Q

Every 100 ml of **deoxygenated blood delivers approximately ______% of CO2 to the alveoli

A

4 ml

65
Q

Specialised centre present in the _____________ region of the brain called respiratory rhythm centre is primarily responsible for respiratory rhythm

A

Medulla

66
Q

Another centre present in the pons region of the brain called ________________ centre can moderate the functions of the respiratory rhythm centre

A

Pneumotaxic centre

67
Q

______________ is a difficulty in breathing causing wheezing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles

A

Asthma

68
Q

_______________ is a chronic disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged due to which respiratory surface is decreased. One of the major causes of this is _________________

A

Emphysema

Cigarette smoking

69
Q

____________________ Disorder is especially those involving grinding or stone breaking, so much dust is produced , long exposure can give rise to inflammation leading to fibrosis (proliferation of fibrous tissue) and thus causing serious lung damage

A

Occupational Respiratory Disorders

70
Q

Nearly 70 % of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate (HCO3-) with the help of the enzyme _________________

A

carbonic anhydrase

71
Q

20 -25 % of carbon dioxide is carried by haemoglobin as _____________________

A

Carbamino- haemoglobin

Biology XI (19 decks)

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