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Biology 100 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The scientific study of heredity.

A

Genetics

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2
Q

The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.

A

Heredity

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3
Q

Who was the first to study genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

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4
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

was the first to study genetics, and did this by observing patterns of inheritance in pea plants

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5
Q

Organisms are composed of combination of many different _____.

A

traits

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6
Q

Some traits are common, and are referred to as ____________, while others may be rare or unusual.

A

wild type trait

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7
Q

The reason why we see such differences is because____________________________.

A

individuals may posses variation of each gene

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8
Q

Offspring inherit these genetic variations from their parents, incorporating their parents genetic information in the offspring ________.

A

Genome

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9
Q

The overall appearance of an organism is called its __________.

A

Phenotype

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10
Q

The phenotype includes.

A

all visible characteristics of an organism, including its physiology

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11
Q

An organisms genetic makeup is called.

A

Genotype

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12
Q

The genotype is all of the organisms.

A

genes and their exact DNA composition

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13
Q

Genes exit at specific position on the chromosomes called?

A

Gene locus (pl.loci)

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14
Q

Mendal studied __________.

A

Garden peas

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15
Q

Pea plants

A

have variety of easily observed traits
they are easily manipulated
they are normally self fertillized

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16
Q

Mendals experimental treatments consisted of ____-______ plants with different traits.

A

Cross-fertilizing

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17
Q

Mendals found true-breeding (purebred) individuals and crossed them to create________.

A

hybrids

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18
Q

Genes have different versions, which we call _____.

A

Alleles

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19
Q

Diploid organisms have __ pair (_) alleles for a given gene.

A

1

2

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20
Q

Each egg carries __ copy of each _____. and each sperm also carriers____ copy of each _____.

A

1 allele

1 allele

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21
Q

Once sperm and egg fuse, the newly fertilized egg (zygote) has 2 copies of each allele and is therefore called?

A

Diploid

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22
Q

What is a diploid?

A

has 2 copies of each allele. these copies can be identical or different verison of each allele

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23
Q

If an allele is different what happens?

A

the dominant allele masks the the recessive allele and is expressed.

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24
Q

A ________ is a cross between organisms that differ in only 1 trait.

A

Monohybrid cross

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25
Q

An explanation of a monohybrid cross using a __________.

A

punnet square

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26
Q

a upper case letter is used to express what?

A

dominant traits

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27
Q

When eggs and sperm form, allele pairs separate from the parent cells to make _________.

A

haploid cells

28
Q

What is the law of independent assortment?

A

Alleles also typically separate independently of other alleles.

29
Q

A chromosome pair consist of two__________.

A

Homologous chromosomes

30
Q

if the alleles on two homologous chromosomes are identical this is called_________.

A

homozygous

31
Q

if the alleles are different this is called________.

A

Heterozygous

32
Q

An example of homozygous recessive.

A

pp

33
Q

example of homozygous dominant

A

PP

34
Q

Example of heterozygous

A

Pp

35
Q

A_________ looks at organisms with an organism with 2 traits of interest(crossing 2 traits at once)

A

dihybrid cross

36
Q

Because alleles assort independently of other alleles during gamate formation,

A

this results in all possible combination

37
Q

Mendels principles apply to all organisms, including the inhertiance of thousands of ________.

A

human traits

38
Q

To determine the pattern of inheritance among families, geneticists draw__________.

A

pedigrees.

39
Q

these illustrate the history of a trait in a family

A

pedigree

40
Q

since most of these genetic disorders are fairly rare, we can conclude that they are __________

A

recessive

41
Q

______________ is dominant disorder known as dwarfism.

A

Achondroplasia

42
Q

Dwarfism is found in _____________.

A

heterozygotes

43
Q

in Dwarfism with DD is a ____________.

A

lethal combination

44
Q

When F1 offspring have appearance is an intermediate between two extreme parental phenotypes, this is the result of allelic __________________.

A

incomplete dominance

45
Q

The human disease hypercholesterolemia is another example of

A

incomplete dominance

46
Q

Blood type O is the

A

recessive phenotype

47
Q

A and B are two _________alleles.

A

dominance

48
Q

If you are homozygous for the A (IAIA) allele or are heterozygous (IAi) you blood type is __.

A

A

49
Q

If you are homozygous for the B (IBIB) allele or are heterozygous (IBi) your blood type is____.

A

B

50
Q

If you are heterozygous with both dominant alleles present you have blood type___.

A

AB

51
Q

If a single gene affect more than one trait, this is called__________.

A

Pleiotrophy

52
Q

If two or more genes have combined effects on the phenotype, this is called____________.

A

polygenic inheritance

53
Q

Polygenic inheritance occurs because_______________________________.

A

more then 1 gene influence the phenotype expressed.

54
Q

Linked genes are located close together on a chromosome, therefore during crossing over they are__________________.

A

often linked together

55
Q

To determine how crossing over worked, scientist used the fruit fly ___________________.

A

Drosophila melanogaster

56
Q

Using Drosophila, frequencies of gene inheritance (from crossing over) were determined. Based the frequent genes were inherited together, the more likely they are located _______________________________.

A

closer together on the same chromosomes

57
Q

This allowed us to determine the order and spacing of genes on a chromosome, resulting in a ___________.

A

linkage map

58
Q

Among the chromosome pairs of organisms, one pair may be the one carrying the genes to determine the sex of an individual these are called _______________.

A

sex chromosomes

59
Q

humans have an ____ sex determination system.

A

XY

60
Q

males are___.

A

XY

61
Q

females are ____.

A

XX

62
Q

genes located on the sex chromosomes are called_________________.

A

Sex-linked genes

63
Q

the inheritance of ________________ in the fruit fly illustrates an X-linked recessive trait in the fruit fly drosophila melanoganaster.

A

white eye color

64
Q

Among humans, a common type of sex-linked disorder is ________________________.

A

red-green color blindness

65
Q

red-green color blindness is linked to the ___ chromosome.

A

X

66
Q

Another sex-linked disease is ________ a bloodclotting disease.

A

Hemophilia

Biology 100 (19 decks)

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