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Biology 100 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Your body breaks down glucose to produce ____.

A

ATP

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2
Q

This is important in an organisms metabolism.

A

ATP is used for energy

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3
Q

What are the two types of metabolism?

A

Aerobic and anaerobic

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4
Q

breaks down glucose in the presence of 02 to produce ATP.

A

Aerobic Metabolism

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5
Q

breaks down glucose in absence of O2, to produce (far less) ATP

A

Anaerobic Metabolism

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6
Q

Photosynthesis

A

6H2O + 6CO2 —–> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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7
Q

Plants convert water and carbon dioxide in the present of sunlight into ____________?

A

Glucose and oxygen

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8
Q

Plants and some other organisms that make their own organic matter from inorganic nutrients.

A

Autotrophs (self-feeders)

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9
Q

Human and other animals that cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones are?

A

Heterotrophs (other-feeders)

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10
Q

Autotrophs, such as plants, are ________ in an ecosystem.

A

Producers

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11
Q

Hetetrophs, such as animals, are_________because they eat plants or other animals.

A

Consumers

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12
Q

What is the fuel source in cellular respiration?

A

Glucose.

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13
Q

In the present of oxygen, glucose is broken down into ___ and ____ creating ___.

A

CO2
h20
ATP

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14
Q

Cellular respiration can be expressed as..

A

C6H1206 + 6O2 —-> C6H1206 +6O2

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15
Q

Aerobic harvesting of chemicals energy from organic fuel molecules is known as.

A

Cellular respiration

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16
Q

Both plants and animals can under go _______?

A

Cellular respiration

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17
Q

Plants take in O2, to release___________.

A

O2 through their leaves

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18
Q

Animals take in O2 to release___________.

A

CO2 through lungs (gills)

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19
Q

Cellular respiration includes a series of ________ and _________ transfers.

A

hydrogen atoms (protons) and electrons

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20
Q

The oxygen atom attracts _______.

A

Electrons

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21
Q

What two items are moved from glucose to oxygen, producing water?

A

Hydrogen ion (H+) and Electrons (e-)

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22
Q

What is the removal of electrons from a molecule called?

A

Oxidation

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23
Q

What is the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another called?

A

Redox (REDuction-OXidation)

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24
Q

Electrons loss a part of a redox reaction is called?

A

oxidation (LEO)

25
Q

Electrons gain as part of redox reaction is called?

A

reduction GER

26
Q

(H+) and (e-) are removed from glucose by the _______________ then transferred using a ______________.

A

enzyme dehydrogenase, high energy electron carrier NAD+

27
Q

What is NAD+?

A

HIgh energy electron carrier.

28
Q

When electrons start the transfer from glucose to oxygen, they ____________.

A

Lose energy

29
Q

Electrons eventually react with _______ and ________

of a small amount of energy.

A

oxygen

release

30
Q

The trip begins with _____, an _______ acceptor.

A

NAD+

electron

31
Q

NAD+ picks up _____ and ______ from glucose and becomes reduced to _______.

A
  • Two e-
  • one H+
  • NADH
32
Q

A series of electrons ________ molecules transfer the electrons to an even _____energy state in a series of ________ reaction.

A
  • Acceptors
  • lower
  • redox
33
Q

The _____ transport chain facilitates the transfer of electrons as the _______ energy.

A
  • electron

- lose

34
Q

The transfer of e- activates electron transport proteins to move_______.

A

ATP

35
Q

What is cellular respiration an example of?

A

Metabolic Pathway

36
Q

__________ is the set of chemical reactions in cells.

A

Metabolism

37
Q

What are the distinct stages of cellular respiration?

A
  • -Glycolysis
  • Preparatory stage (pyruvate oxidation)
  • The citric acid cycle
  • The electron transport chain.
38
Q

Where does the Glycolysis take place at?

A

In the cytosol

39
Q

Where does the stages of Cellular respiration take place in?

A

Mitochondrian

40
Q

What are the 4 steps of the Glycolysis? (Splitting of glucose)

A
  • Glucose (6 carbons) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid (aka pyruvate, each is 3 carbon)
  • After dehydrogenase pick off two e- and one H+ from glucose, tow three-carbon molecules called pyruvic acid are formed
  • The electrons and the H+ are then transferred to NAD+ to form NADH (reduced)
  • NAD+ carriers the electrons to the electron to the electron transport chain and passes them to another electron acceptor.
41
Q

How are phosphates transferred to ADP?

A
  • Each molecule of the pyruvic acid transfers 1 phosphate to ADP—->forming ATP
  • enzymes aid in the transfer of phosphate
  • 2 ATP molecules are made from 1 glucose sugar
42
Q

How is the pyruvic acid prepared before entering the Citric acid cycle?

A

The pyruvic acid and glycolysis is transformed into acetyl-coenzymes A (CoA) which can now enter the citric acid cycle.

43
Q

What are the 6 steps in the Citric Acid cycle?

A

1st: 2 carbon molecules (acetyl CoA) joins a 4 carbon molecule to form citric acid
2nd: 2 CO2 molecules exit as waste
3rd: Most of energy(from electrons) are captured by NADH, which may transfer electrons
4th: Some energy transfers ADP—>ATP
5th: Remaining electrons are captured by FADH2
6th: Any 4 carbon molecules in cycle are recycled and join another acetyl CoA forming citric acid

44
Q

What other molecules are used in cellular respiration besides glucose?

A

Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins

45
Q

How many ATPs can 1 glucose molecule create with oxygen?

A

32 ATP

46
Q

Without oxygen 1 glucose molecule can produce how many ATP in glycolysis.

A

2 ATP

47
Q

What are the steps of the electron transport chain.?

A
  • The electron acceptors of electron transport chains are built into the inner membranes of mitochondria
  • Oxygen atoms at the end of the electron acceptor chain pull the electrons toward them.
  • Electrons move from one electron acceptor to the next to an ever lower energy state.
  • At each step the energy is not lost but used to fuel a hydrogen ion pump.
  • As hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane, their potential energy is increased because a steep concentration gradient is created.
48
Q

The___________ ions on the more highly concentrated side of the membrane have tendency to return to the other side of the membrane

A

Hydrogen

49
Q

The ions flow through the enzyme __________synthase back to the other side of the membrane.

A

ATP

50
Q

The flow of H+ ions is converted to __________ energy.

A

kinetic energy

51
Q

The kinetic energy from the hydrogen ion flow allows ATP synthase to make ATP in a process known as ________________.

A

Chemiosmosis

52
Q

What is the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis called together?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

53
Q

In lactic acid fermentation 1 glucose can be broken up to generate 2 ATP, however the product of lactic acid (lactate) cannot enter into the___________ Cycle.

A

Citric acid

54
Q

Human muscle calls can break down glucose and make ATP through_________ Processes.

A

Anaerobic

55
Q

__________ is the anaerobic pathway to obtain energy from food in the absence of oxygen

A

Fermentation

56
Q

When fermentation in yeast cells break down the pyruvic acid to CO2 and ethyl alcohol this is called________ _________.

A

Alcoholic fermentation

57
Q

Microorganisms can be used for industrial in_____

A

Pickling, baking, production of cheeses, production of alcohol (ethanol)

58
Q

where does the citric acid cycle take place at?

A

matrix

Biology 100 (19 decks)

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