Chapter 6 Flashcards
Your body breaks down glucose to produce ____.
ATP
This is important in an organisms metabolism.
ATP is used for energy
What are the two types of metabolism?
Aerobic and anaerobic
breaks down glucose in the presence of 02 to produce ATP.
Aerobic Metabolism
breaks down glucose in absence of O2, to produce (far less) ATP
Anaerobic Metabolism
Photosynthesis
6H2O + 6CO2 —–> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Plants convert water and carbon dioxide in the present of sunlight into ____________?
Glucose and oxygen
Plants and some other organisms that make their own organic matter from inorganic nutrients.
Autotrophs (self-feeders)
Human and other animals that cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones are?
Heterotrophs (other-feeders)
Autotrophs, such as plants, are ________ in an ecosystem.
Producers
Hetetrophs, such as animals, are_________because they eat plants or other animals.
Consumers
What is the fuel source in cellular respiration?
Glucose.
In the present of oxygen, glucose is broken down into ___ and ____ creating ___.
CO2
h20
ATP
Cellular respiration can be expressed as..
C6H1206 + 6O2 —-> C6H1206 +6O2
Aerobic harvesting of chemicals energy from organic fuel molecules is known as.
Cellular respiration
Both plants and animals can under go _______?
Cellular respiration
Plants take in O2, to release___________.
O2 through their leaves
Animals take in O2 to release___________.
CO2 through lungs (gills)
Cellular respiration includes a series of ________ and _________ transfers.
hydrogen atoms (protons) and electrons
The oxygen atom attracts _______.
Electrons
What two items are moved from glucose to oxygen, producing water?
Hydrogen ion (H+) and Electrons (e-)
What is the removal of electrons from a molecule called?
Oxidation
What is the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another called?
Redox (REDuction-OXidation)
Electrons loss a part of a redox reaction is called?
oxidation (LEO)
Electrons gain as part of redox reaction is called?
reduction GER
(H+) and (e-) are removed from glucose by the _______________ then transferred using a ______________.
enzyme dehydrogenase, high energy electron carrier NAD+
What is NAD+?
HIgh energy electron carrier.
When electrons start the transfer from glucose to oxygen, they ____________.
Lose energy
Electrons eventually react with _______ and ________
of a small amount of energy.
oxygen
release
The trip begins with _____, an _______ acceptor.
NAD+
electron
NAD+ picks up _____ and ______ from glucose and becomes reduced to _______.
- Two e-
- one H+
- NADH
A series of electrons ________ molecules transfer the electrons to an even _____energy state in a series of ________ reaction.
- Acceptors
- lower
- redox
The _____ transport chain facilitates the transfer of electrons as the _______ energy.
- electron
- lose
The transfer of e- activates electron transport proteins to move_______.
ATP
What is cellular respiration an example of?
Metabolic Pathway
__________ is the set of chemical reactions in cells.
Metabolism
What are the distinct stages of cellular respiration?
- -Glycolysis
- Preparatory stage (pyruvate oxidation)
- The citric acid cycle
- The electron transport chain.
Where does the Glycolysis take place at?
In the cytosol
Where does the stages of Cellular respiration take place in?
Mitochondrian
What are the 4 steps of the Glycolysis? (Splitting of glucose)
- Glucose (6 carbons) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid (aka pyruvate, each is 3 carbon)
- After dehydrogenase pick off two e- and one H+ from glucose, tow three-carbon molecules called pyruvic acid are formed
- The electrons and the H+ are then transferred to NAD+ to form NADH (reduced)
- NAD+ carriers the electrons to the electron to the electron transport chain and passes them to another electron acceptor.
How are phosphates transferred to ADP?
- Each molecule of the pyruvic acid transfers 1 phosphate to ADP—->forming ATP
- enzymes aid in the transfer of phosphate
- 2 ATP molecules are made from 1 glucose sugar
How is the pyruvic acid prepared before entering the Citric acid cycle?
The pyruvic acid and glycolysis is transformed into acetyl-coenzymes A (CoA) which can now enter the citric acid cycle.
What are the 6 steps in the Citric Acid cycle?
1st: 2 carbon molecules (acetyl CoA) joins a 4 carbon molecule to form citric acid
2nd: 2 CO2 molecules exit as waste
3rd: Most of energy(from electrons) are captured by NADH, which may transfer electrons
4th: Some energy transfers ADP—>ATP
5th: Remaining electrons are captured by FADH2
6th: Any 4 carbon molecules in cycle are recycled and join another acetyl CoA forming citric acid
What other molecules are used in cellular respiration besides glucose?
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
How many ATPs can 1 glucose molecule create with oxygen?
32 ATP
Without oxygen 1 glucose molecule can produce how many ATP in glycolysis.
2 ATP
What are the steps of the electron transport chain.?
- The electron acceptors of electron transport chains are built into the inner membranes of mitochondria
- Oxygen atoms at the end of the electron acceptor chain pull the electrons toward them.
- Electrons move from one electron acceptor to the next to an ever lower energy state.
- At each step the energy is not lost but used to fuel a hydrogen ion pump.
- As hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane, their potential energy is increased because a steep concentration gradient is created.
The___________ ions on the more highly concentrated side of the membrane have tendency to return to the other side of the membrane
Hydrogen
The ions flow through the enzyme __________synthase back to the other side of the membrane.
ATP
The flow of H+ ions is converted to __________ energy.
kinetic energy
The kinetic energy from the hydrogen ion flow allows ATP synthase to make ATP in a process known as ________________.
Chemiosmosis
What is the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis called together?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
In lactic acid fermentation 1 glucose can be broken up to generate 2 ATP, however the product of lactic acid (lactate) cannot enter into the___________ Cycle.
Citric acid
Human muscle calls can break down glucose and make ATP through_________ Processes.
Anaerobic
__________ is the anaerobic pathway to obtain energy from food in the absence of oxygen
Fermentation
When fermentation in yeast cells break down the pyruvic acid to CO2 and ethyl alcohol this is called________ _________.
Alcoholic fermentation
Microorganisms can be used for industrial in_____
Pickling, baking, production of cheeses, production of alcohol (ethanol)
where does the citric acid cycle take place at?
matrix
