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Biology 100 > chapter 16 > Flashcards

chapter 16 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotes are

A

Single celled organisms which lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

Prokaryotes, they are considered to be the most,

A

Ancient and simplest life-form

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3
Q

What are the two domains,

A

Archaea, bacteria

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4
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • 1-5um in diameter
  • are found wherever there is life
  • outnumber all eukaryotes conbined
  • can cause disease
  • can be beneficial
  • have no organelles
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5
Q

What are the 3 forms of prokaryotes

A

Cocci Bacilli and spirochete

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6
Q

Nearly all prokaryotes have a ________

A

cell wall

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7
Q

The cell wall in a prokaryote can…..

A
  • provide physical protection

- prevent the cell wall from bursting in a hypotonic environment

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8
Q

When gram stained, cell walls of bacteria are either

A
  • gram-positive, with more layers of peptidoglycan

- gram-negative, with less peptidoglycan, however a more complex cytoplasmic membrane and more likely to cause diseases

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9
Q

The cell wall of many prokaryotes is covered by a _______, a sticky layer of polysaccarides or protein.

A

Capsule

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10
Q

__________: enables prokaryotes to adhere to their substrate or to other individuals in a colony and shields pathogenic prokarotes from attacks by a hosts immune system

A

Capsule

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11
Q

_________ help prokaryotes move in their environment.

A

Flagella

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12
Q

what are the modes of nutrition.

A

Photoautotrophs

  • photoheterotrophs
  • chemoautotrophs
  • chemoheterotroph
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13
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Obtain energy from sunlight and use carbon dioxide for carbon

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14
Q

Photohereotrophs

A

obtain energy from sunlight but get their carbon atoms from organic molecules

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15
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Harvest energy from inorganic chemicals and use carbon dioxide for carbon

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16
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Acquire energy and carbon from organic molecules

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17
Q

______: are complex associations of one or several species of prokaryotes

A

Biofilms

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18
Q

Prokaryotes attach to surface and form biofilm communities and are ___________.

A

difficult to eradicate

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19
Q

Biofilms are larger complex “cities” of microbes that……

A

_ comminicate by chemical signals, coordinate a divison of labor & defense, and use channels to distribute nutrients and collect waste.

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20
Q

________ is the use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water

A

bioremediation

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21
Q

The domain Bacteria is currently divided into five groups, based on comparisons of genetic sequences

A

Proteobacteria

  • Gram-positive bacteria
  • cyanobacteria
  • chlamydias
  • spirochetes
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22
Q

Proteobacteria

A

All gram negative bacteria, diverse, some are symbiotic with legumes (N2 fixers)

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23
Q

Gram-postive bacteria

A

As diverse as proteobacteria

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24
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

The only group of prokararyotes with plantlike, oxygen-generating photosynthesis. some are N2 fixers

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25
Q

Chlamydias

A

intercellualar bacteria that live inside eukaryotic host cells

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26
Q

Spirochetes

A

Are helical bacteria and notorious pathogens, causing syphilis and lyme disease

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27
Q

All organisms are almost constantly exposed to____________.

A

pathogenic bacteria

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28
Q

_________ are proteins that bacterial cells secrete into their environment.

A

Exotoxin

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29
Q

_________ are components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

A

Endotoxin

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30
Q

Extreme_______ thrive in very salty places

A

Halophiles

31
Q

extreme______ thrive in very hot water, such as geysers, and acid pools

A

thermophiles

32
Q

___________: live in anaerobic enviroments, and give off methane as a waste product from the digestive tract of cattle, deer, and in decomposing materials of landfills.

A

Methanogens

33
Q

________: are diverse collection of mostly unicellular eukaryotes. this is refer to eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungus, however they often share some similarities to these eukaryotes

A

Protists

34
Q

Protists are found in many habitats including……

A
  • anywhere there is mosture

- the bodies of host organisms

35
Q

_______: autotrophs which produce their food by photosynthesis

A

Algae

36
Q

________: heterotrophs which eat bacteria and other protists

A

Protozoans

37
Q

________: heterotrophs which derive their nutrition from a living host

A

Parasites

38
Q

________: use photosynthesis and heterotrophy

A

Mixotrophs

39
Q

The _________________ explains the orgin of mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

Endosymbiont theory

40
Q

Eukaryotic cells evolved when prokaryotes established residence with other, larger ____________

A

Prokaryotes

41
Q

The endsymbiont theory is supported by present-day ___________ and _____________.

A

mitochodria

chloroplast

42
Q

Support for Endosymbiosis includes

A
  • structural and molecular similarities to prokaryotic cells

- replication and use their own DNA, separate from the nuclear DNA of the cell

43
Q

The process in which an autotrophic eukaryotic protist became endosymbiotic in a heterotrophic eukaryotic protist

A

Secondary endosymbiosis

44
Q

are a larger supergroup including autotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs

A

Chromalveolates

45
Q

What are some representatives of chromalveolates

A
  • diatoms
  • dinoflagellates
  • brown algae
  • water molds
  • ciliates
  • plasmodium
46
Q

___________, unicellular algae with a class cell wall containing silica

A

Diatoms

47
Q

__________, unicellular autotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixtrophs that are common components of marine plankton

A

Dinoflagellates

48
Q

__________, large, multicellular autotrophs

A

Brown algae (kelp)

49
Q

Other chromalveolates include

A
  • water mold
  • ciliates
  • plasmodium
50
Q

Water molds

A

unicellular heterotrophs

51
Q

Ciliates

A

Unicellular heterotrophs and mixotrophs that use cilia to move and feed.

52
Q

a group including parasites, such as ________ which causes malaria

A

Plasmodium

53
Q

__________ are a claude (group) grouped together by DNA similarites

A

Rhizarians

54
Q

Rhizarans include ___________&___________ which are often referred to as amoebas

A

Foraminiferans

Radiolarians

55
Q

__________: are found in the oceans and in fresh water

A

Foraminiferans

56
Q

Foraminiferans have porous shells called ______, composed of calcium carbonate

A

Tests

57
Q

_________ are mostly marine, produce a mineralized internal skeleton made of silica

A

Radiolarians

58
Q

__________ is a new clade on the basis of molecular and morphological simiarities

A

Excavata

59
Q

___________: have modified mitchondria that lack functional electron transport chains and use anaerobic pathways such as glycolysis to extract energy

A

Excavates

60
Q

Excavates include.

A
  • heterotrophic termite endosymbionts
  • mixotrophs such as Euglena
  • the common waterborne parasite giardia intestinails,
  • the parasite trichomonas vaginalis, which causes 5 million new infections each year of human reproductive tract
  • the parasite trypanosoma, which causes sleepinmg sickness in humans
61
Q

______________ is a grouping considered closely related to fungi and animals, it inculdes some amoebas and slime molds

A

Unikonts

62
Q

Plasmodial slime molds

A
  • are common where there is moist, decaying organic matter
63
Q

consist of a single, multinucleate mass of cytoplasm undivided by plasma membranes, called ____________.

A

Plasmodium

64
Q

___________: are common on rotting logs and decaying organic matter and usually exist as solitary amoeboid cells, but when food is scarce, amoeboid cells

A

Cellular slime molds

65
Q

Swarm together, forming a slug-like aggregate that wanders around for a short time and then forms a stock supporting an asexual reproduction structure that produces _________.

A

Spores

66
Q

Archaeplastide include

A
  • red algae
  • green algae
  • land plants
67
Q

Red algae

A
  • are mostly multicellular
  • contribute to the structure of coral reefs
  • are commercially valuable
68
Q

green algae

A

may be unicellar, colonial or multicellar

69
Q

Multicellular organisms are fundamentally different from __________ organisms

A

Unicellular

70
Q

a _________ organism has various specialized cells that perform different functions and are interdependent

A

Multicellular

71
Q

All of lifes activities occur within a single cell in __________ organisms

A

unicellular

72
Q

multicellular organisms have evolved from three different lineages

A
  • brown algae evolved from chromalveolates
  • fungi and animals evolved from unikonts
  • red algae and green algae evolved from achaeplastid
73
Q

One hypothesis states that two separate ________led to fungi and animals, diverging more than 1 billion years ago

A

Unikont

74
Q

Morphological and molecular evidence suggest that _________ are the closest living protist relative of animals

A

Choanoflagellates

Biology 100 (19 decks)

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