Chapter 14 Flashcards
The study of major biological changes seen in the fossil record. (i.e., obvious structural difference.)
Macroevolution
When changes accumulate to produce a completely distinct group of organisms, this includes the origin of a new species.
Speclation
According to the _______________, a species is a group of members in a population with the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Biological species concept
Why don’t members of different species mate?
due to reproductive isolation
Some pairs of clearly distinct species occasionally interbreed and produce ___________.
Hybrids
What is an example of a Hybrid?
Grolar bear
___________, which identifies species in terms of their ecological niche, looking at their role in an community.
Ecological species concept
In the ecological species concept focuses on unique adaptations to particular roles in a biological community an example of this would be….
two species may be similar in appearance but distinguish based on what they eat or where they live
The ________________ defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor, forming a branch on an evolutionary tree.
Phylogenetic species concept
Biologist trace the phylogenetic history of a species by comparing its ____________.
DNA sequences
Alternate ways of defining species using traits, shape, size or other features this is called __________.
Morphological species concept
Morphological species concept can be applied to
Asexual organisms and fossil
___________: prevent interbreeding and establish different species - serves to isolate the gene pools of species
reproductive barriers
____________ barriers prevent mating between different species.
Prezygotic postzygotic
Courtship ritual in blue-footed boobies is an example of one kind of prezygotic barrier, _______________. , unless the ritual is performed correctly, mating will not occur
Behavioral isolation
Structural differences don’t allow the genitals of these snails to mate this is an example of _____________.
Mechanical isolation
_________ isolation: mating or fertilizing occurs at different seasons
Temporal
_________ isolation: populations live in different habitats and therefore do not interact.
Habitat
_________ isolation: female and male gametes fail to unite in fertilization.
Gametic
Should prezygotic barriers fail and interspecific fertilization occur forming a hybid zygote, postzygotic barriers are additional mechanisms which _________________________________.
prevent the future hybrid generations for developing
What are the two main modes of speciation?
Allopatric speciation
sympatric speciation
Geographic isolation may cause a population to become genetically unique as its gene pool is changed by natural selection, genetic drift, barriers, or mutation this is called____________. many happens in animals
Allopatric speciation
__________________ occurs if a mutation creates a reproductive barriers between parents and offspring. many happens in plants
Sympatric speciation
This has occurred from accidents in cell division and hybridization from two different parent species resulting in extra chromosomes in certain plants this is called _____________: a multiple number of chromosomes.
Polyploidy
If a parent cell fails to divide after DNA replication occurs, chromosomes duplicate, then ______________.
self fertilization may result in a plant with a different number of chromosomes
The evolution of many diverse species from a common ancestor is _____________.
Adaptive radiation
What is an example of Adaptive radiation?
can be found on the Galapagos islands with the 14 different finch varieties considered to have arisen from a common ancestor from the mainland
Why did the finches diversify?
Each finch may have been subject to slightly different environment conditions favoring a different break shape or size
In speciation, a gradual accumulation of many changes, may account for a new species, explaining how a new species evolved through the gradual accumulation of changes brought about by natural selection this is known as_______________.
Gradualism
However, _______________________ are found in the fossil record.
Few intermediate transition
The ________________ model is a constrasting model of macroevolution.
Punctuated equilibrium
The punctuated equilibrium proposes that species diverge in _____________ as a population diverges from the ancestral populations, with little or no change occurring for the remainder of the species’ existence.
Spurts of relatively rapid change
_________: long periods of little change, or equilibrium punctuated by abrupt episodes of speciation
Punctuated model
________: slow gradual changes over time
Gradualist model
But, how long exactly is a “punctuation”?
A punctuation may involve hundreds of generation
