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Biology 100 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is molecule biology?

A

the scientific study of life at the molecular level

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2
Q

An understanding of molecular biology may enable us to identify the function and nature of

A

Disease, bacteria, viruses
DNA, genes, inheritance
cancer

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3
Q

_____ is a molecule that stores the information to create and organism (The Blueprint)

A

DNA

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4
Q

Information stored in DNA can be ______ and _____passed on to the next generation.

A

copied and passed

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5
Q

What two type of nucleic acids can store genetic information?

A

DNA and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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6
Q

DNA and RNA consist of monomers called ________.

A

nucleotides

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7
Q

Nucleotides are composed of three components.

A

Sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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8
Q

The sugar and the phosphate group form a strong support structure for the nitrogenous base known as.

A

The sugar-phosphate backbone.

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9
Q

Nucleotides in DNA include?

A

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cyosine (C), Thymine (T)

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10
Q

Nucleotides in RNA include?

A

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cyosine (C), Uracil (U)

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11
Q

Purines

A

Adenine, Guanine

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12
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine (C) Uracil (U), Thymine (T)

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13
Q

X-Ray cystallography data collected determined that DNA is a double helix

A

Roselind Frankin and maurice Wilkins, James Watson and Francis crick

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14
Q

Nitrogenous bases pair according to strict rules

A

A pairs with T and C pairs with G

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15
Q

During the cell cycle, a cell’s DNA has to be copied completely so each new cell will have a complete set of DNA in the form of ____________.

A

Chromosomes

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16
Q

Each of the two original DNA strands serves as a template based oh which two new stands of DNA are made by enzyme ______________.

A

DNA polymerase

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17
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

One of the original two DNA strands is passed on to each of the new cells

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18
Q

How is DNA synthesized?

A

using the parent strand as a template

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19
Q

DNA replication spreads from specific origin

A

is bidirectional, adding nucleotides in each direction

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20
Q

Once DNA replication is completed it produces

A

Two daughter strands

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21
Q

The ___ of an organism (its genotype) is what controls how the organism looks and functions (its phenotype)

A

DNA

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22
Q

From one generation to the next, DNA is continually _______and _______down.

A

replicated and passed down

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23
Q

Because DNA is copied, passed down, then inherited during fertilization, we should have similar sequences of __________ in our genes as our parents.

A

Nucleotides

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24
Q

DNA is a set of stored sets of instructions (genes) to make ______.

A

proteins

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25
Q

By __________RNA is generated from DNA from complementary base pairing.

A

Transcription

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26
Q

RNA is an ___________ to create protein.

A

Intermediate step

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27
Q

RNA is then _________ into proteins.

A

Translated

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28
Q

There are about _______ genes in the human genome, each of which _______specific protein.

A

30,000

encodes

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29
Q

Not all proteins are produced all the time in all cells;

A

DNA is transcribed 1 gene at a time

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30
Q

The sequence of nucleotides in DNA and RNA determines the sequence of ______ in a protein.

A

Amino acid

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31
Q

How can each protein differ?

A

By their length, type of amino acid present or squence of amino acid

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32
Q

When DNA is transcribed

A

an RNA molecule is produced

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33
Q

After DNA is transcribed into an RNA molecule is produced the RNA molecule can then be translated into a sequence of ___________________________.

A

amino acids to make protein

34
Q

3 consecutive RNA nucleotides is called?

A

Codon

35
Q

One codon codes for one of ____ amino acids.

A

20

36
Q

the information contained in one gene is used to as a template to make one ______________

A

RAN molecules

37
Q

RAN sequences represent one gene of _____.

A

DNA

38
Q

The enzymes _________________ is the enzyme which synthesizes RAN from DNA

A

RAN polymerase

39
Q

RAN polymerase

A

It finds the starting and stopping points of the gene and it attaches RNA nucleotides in the correct order to make the RNA molecules

40
Q

RAN nucleotides are brought in by RNA polymerase, then complementary base pair with DNA. this continues forming an RAN molecule from a DNA template. So,

A

the sequence of DNA determines the sequence of RNA!

41
Q

The first phase of transcription is _________.

A

initiation

42
Q

to begin transcription, RNA polymerase must detect a start sequence called____________

A

promoter

43
Q

When the enzyme encounters a promoter sequence, it becomes attached to the __________.

A

DNA strand

44
Q

this attachment must occur before RNA can be _______________. from DNA

A

tramscribed

45
Q

The second phase of transcription is _________________.

A

elongation

46
Q

During elongation, more and more nucleotides are attached to the growing RNA molecule, representing an ______________.

A

entire gene

47
Q

The third phase of transcription is ______________.

A

termination

48
Q

Near the end of each gene is a sequence of bases called a _____________________.

A

terminator sequence

49
Q

When the RNA polymerase reaches a terminator, it is stimulated to detach from the DNA template, and RNA synthesis stops ending transcription. This RNa is then processed into messenger RNA or mRNA by a process called ______________.

A

splicing

50
Q

After an RNA transcript is generated from a DNA template, the RNA transcript is prepared for translation in a process called _____________.

A

splicing

51
Q

The introns are edited out, and exons are spliced together. ____________________________.

A

This converts RNA into mRNA

52
Q

During translation, the set of instructions on an RNA molecule is converted to an ____________ sequence.

A

Amino acid

53
Q

Just as transcription was facilitated by an ______, translation requires the presence of other _______.

A

Enzyme

Molecules

54
Q

What additional RNA molecules are needed to facilitate translation?

A

tRNA (transfer RNA)

rRNA (ribosomal RNA aka ribosomes)

55
Q

tRNA brings amino acids to the ______.

A

mRNA

56
Q

__________are 3 consecutive tRNA nucleotides which H-bond to corresponding mRNA condons

A

Anitcodons

57
Q

each anticondon carriers with it __ amino acid

A

1

58
Q

____________ are small organelles

A

ribosomes

59
Q

Ribosomes are the site where amino acids are joined, and proteins _________ are made

A

precursor

60
Q

Each ribosomes has _____________.

A

two subunits

61
Q

Ribosomes are made from ______________.

A

ribosomal RNA (tRNA)

62
Q

Translation has three phases what they?

A

initiation,elongation and termination

63
Q

mRNA molecules have a ____ and ____ to help bind the ribosomal sununit.

A

cap and tail

64
Q

What is the process of initiation?

A

mRna binds to the small ribosomal subunit, then an initiator tRNA anticondon molecule binds to the start condon (AUG) bringing with it Methionine (met)

65
Q

Codon recognition

A

Subsequent mRNA codons attract incoming tRNA anitcodons in proper sequence. (in sets of 3 nucleotides per amino acid)

66
Q

Peptide bond formation

A

The tibosome act as a catalyst and connects the growing amino acid tail with amino acid on the incoming tRNA

67
Q

Translocation

A

empty tRNAs are released from the ribosome, incoming tRNA switch places, and the mRNA moves down one codon

68
Q

_____ are recharged with amino acids using ATP

A

tRNA

69
Q

What is the process of elongation

A

anticodons from tRNA bind with codons on mRNA in
codon recognition
peptide bond formation
translation

70
Q

Elongation continues until the ribosome reaches a _________.

A

Stop codon

71
Q

_______ have no corresponding tRNA, so the ribosome disassembles, leaving a strand of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

A

Stop codon

72
Q

a mutation is a permanent change in the _____________________________.

A

nucleotide sequence of DNA

73
Q

Mutations, especially in the __ or ___ base in a codon may change the amino acid sequence of a protein

A

1st

2nd

74
Q

Mutations within a gene can be divided into two general categoires which are.

A

Single base substitution can alter 1 amino acid in a protien

insertions and deletions of nucleotide can cause a change in the entire reading frame

75
Q

__________ sources that cause mutation

A

Mutagens

76
Q

Although mutation are usuaaly always harmful to an organism, they are considered a driving force of _______________________.

A

diversity and variation

77
Q

Viruses?

A

have some characteristics of living organisms
they are not considered living because they lack certain cellular mechanism such as growth
viruses can affect plants, animals and bacteria

78
Q

Viruses that attack bacteria are called _________.

A

bacteriophages

79
Q

lytic

A

cell explodes releasing more (lyses) virues

80
Q

lysogenic

A

inserts there dna intp bacteria dna causing it to replicate with normal cells

81
Q

HIV is a _______, an RNA virus that reproduces by means of a DNA molecules

A

Retrovirus

82
Q

Retro virus copy their RNA to DNA using the enzyme _____________.

A

reverse transcripition

Biology 100 (19 decks)

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