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Biology 100 > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Biologists have developed hypotheses for the evolution of chordate groups using

A

-Anatomical, molecular, and fossil evidence.

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2
Q

Hagfishes and lampreys

A
  • have a notochard
  • lack hinged jaws
  • These are fish used to establish a lineage of other fish with heads (craniates)
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3
Q

Jawed vertebrates:

A

quickly diversified using their paired fins and tail to chase a wide variety of prey.

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4
Q

Jawed vertebrates jaws may have evolved by modifications of skeletal supports of the __________________.

A

anterior pharyngeal (gil) slits

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5
Q

The remaining gill slits remained as sites of ___________.

A

Gas exchange

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6
Q

3 lineages of jawed fishes with gills.

A
  • chondrichthyans- sharks and rays
  • ray-finned fishes- tuna, trout, and goldfish
  • lobe-finned fishes- coelacanths and lungfish
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7
Q

Chondrichthyans

A

Sharks and rays

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8
Q

ray-finned fishes

A

tuna, trout, and goldfish

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9
Q

lobe-finned fishes

A

coelacanths and lungfish

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10
Q

Chondrichthyans have a flexible skeleton made of _______.

A

Cartiage

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11
Q

Chondrichthyans also have electrosensors on their _____.

A

head

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12
Q

Chondrichthyans have a ________________ which contains sensory ograns helping these organisms sense a change in temperature or water pressure.

A

lateral line system

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13
Q

Ray-finned fishes have an internal skeleton reinforced with a hard martrix of _____________.

A

calcium phosphate

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14
Q

Ray-finned fishes have flattened scales covered with mucus, an ___________ that covers a chamber of gills, and a buoyant ___________.

A

operculum

swim bladder

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15
Q

Lobe-finned fish

A

Have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins that are supported by rod-shaped bones

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16
Q

3 lineages of lobe-fins survive:

A
  1. coelacanths, living deep in the oceans, were once thought to be extinct.
  2. lungfishes, which can gulp air into lungs, inhabit stagnant waters in the Southern Hemisphere
  3. tetrapods, adapted to life on land, include terrestrial vertebrates
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17
Q

Tetrapods are

A

jawed vertebrates with limbs and feet that can support weight on land

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18
Q

Tetrapods are considered to have evolved from lineage of __________ fish.

A

Lobe-finned

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19
Q

________ was a key event in vertebrate history, and all subsequent groups are considered descendants of these early land dwellers.

A

adapting to life on land

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20
Q

Like plants, vertebrates faced obstacles on land for example

A
  • gas exchange
  • water conservation
  • structural support
  • a means of locomotion
  • adapting sensory organs that worked well in water but on land
  • reproduction
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21
Q

Amphibians

A

Salamanders, frogs, and caecilians

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22
Q

Amphibians use their moist skin to supplement their lungs for gas exchange, they also (4)

A
  • often have poison glands in their skins
  • usually return to standing water to reproduce
  • undergo metamorphosis from a larval stage to the adult
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23
Q

Amphibians are

A

tetrapods

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24
Q

Reptiles are

A

Amniotes

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25
Q

Reptile (including birds) and mammals are _______

A

amniotes

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26
Q

In Amniotes the major derived character of this clade is an __________ with four internal membranes.

A

Amniotic egg

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27
Q

1)In Amniotes The ______ is a fluid-filled sac surrounding the embryo

A

amnion

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28
Q

2)in Amniotes The ______ contains a rich store of nutrients for the developing embryo

A

yolk sac

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29
Q

3) In Amniotes the allantois also helps dispose of __________

A

metabolic waste

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30
Q

4) In Amniotes the _______ (and allantois) enable the embryo to obtain oxygen from the air and dispose of carbon dioxide.

A

Chorion

31
Q

Reptiles:

A

Lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and extinct dinosaurs

32
Q

Reptiles have skin covered with scales and waterproofed with ________.

A

Keratin

33
Q

Reptiles obtain most of their oxygen using lungs, and are ________, absorbing external heat rather then generating much of their own.

A

Ectothermic

34
Q

Most ___ can fly, and nearly every part of their bodies reflects features that enhance flight.

A

Birds

35
Q

In birds their bodies reflect features that enhance flight 2)

A
  • the forelimbs have been remodeled as feather-covered wings that act as airfoils
  • Large flight muscles anchored to a central ridge along the breastbone provide power
36
Q

Many features help reduce weight for flight: (4)

A
  • present-day birds lack teeth
  • the tail is supported by only a few small vertebrae
  • feathers have hollow shafts
  • their bones have a hollow honey combed structure that make them strong but light weight
37
Q

-were the first tetrapods able to move on land

A

Amphibians

38
Q

Unlike reptiles, birds are __________ (warm bodied) using heat generated by metabolism to maintain a warm, steady body temperature.

A

endothermic

39
Q

Birds have relatively large brains and display complex behavior. They have

A
  • acute senses
  • fine muscle control
  • excellent eyesight
40
Q

Birds are considered to have evolved from a lineage of small, two-legged dinosaurs called __________.

A

Theropods

41
Q

________ is the oldest, most primitive known bird (150 million years old) with feathered wings.

A

Archaeopteryx

42
Q

Mammals are endothermic amniotes with

A
  • hair, which insulates their bodies and

- mammary gland, which produce milk

43
Q

Mammals have efficient _______ and _______ systems that support their high rate of metabolism

A

Respiratory

circulatory

44
Q

Monotremes are __________. living monotremes

A

egg-laying mammals

45
Q

Platypus and echidnas

A

monotremes

46
Q

unlike monotremes, the embryos of marsupials and eutherians are nurtured by a ________, in which nutrients from the mothers blood diffuse into the embryo’s blood,

A

Placenta

47
Q

Marsupials

A

have a brief gestation and give birth to tiny, embryonic offspring that complete development while attached to the mothers nipples

48
Q

Eutherians

A

are mammals that bear fully developed live young. They are commonly called plancental mammals because their placentas are more complex than those of marsupials

49
Q

The mammalian order primates include

A

the lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys and apes

50
Q

Primates probably arose as small arboreal mammals before ________, when dinosaurs still dominated the plant.

A

65 million years ago

51
Q

Many primate characters are arboreal adaptations (4)

A
  • shoulder and hip joints allow climbing and brachiation
  • Grasping hands and feet are highly mobile and flexible
  • sensitive hands and feet aid in manipulation
  • a short snout and forward-pointing eyes enchance depth percetion
52
Q

A _________ shows that all primates are divided into three groups.

A

Phylogenetic tree

53
Q

What are the three groups that the phylogenetic tree divide primates into

A
  1. lemurs, lories, and pottos
  2. tarsiers
  3. anthropoids, including monkeys and apes with a fully opposable thumbs in which the tip of all four fingers can touch the thumb
54
Q

Monkeys are characterized in 1 or 2 groups

A

old world monkeys

new world monkeys

55
Q

old world monkeys

A

lack a prehensile tail and have nostrils that open downward

56
Q

new world monkeys

A

have a prehensile tail and nostrils that are wide open and farther apart

57
Q

In addition to monkeys, the anthropoid group includes ____.

A

apes

58
Q

Apes include

A

gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonoboos, and humans

59
Q

Lack a tail
have relatively long arms and short legs
have relatively larger brains with respect to size

A

Apes

60
Q

Are monogamous and the only fully orborealapes

A

Gibbsons

61
Q

are shy, solitary, and live in rain-forest trees and the forest floors

A

Orangutans

62
Q

are the largest of the apes and fully terrestrial

A

gorillas

63
Q

make and use tools

A

Chimpanzees

64
Q

is the study of human origins and evolution, the brief history since the divergence of humans and chimpanzees lineages.

A

Paleoanthropology

65
Q

Paleoanthropologists have identified about 20 species of extinct _______, which are considered a species that are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees

A

Hominins

66
Q

Although humans and chimpanzees are similar in many respects, they also differ in that humans.________.

A

walk up right and have larger brains

67
Q

Brain size and ________ are features used to identify the evolution of hominins

A

bipedalism

68
Q

__________ is considered to have evolved millions of years before larger brain size. Evidence of bipedalism includes morphology, fossils and fossilized footprints.

A

bipedalism

69
Q

________ had such small brains (400-450cc) that they were too small to be members of Homo

A

Australopiths

70
Q

_______ had a brain size of 510-690 cc. Their fossils are found with stone tools

A

Homo habilis

71
Q

________ & ________ had a brain size ranging from 750 to 850 cc. Fossils are found with more sophisticated stone tools and long, slender legs for extensive walking

A

Homo ergaster & homo erectus

72
Q

______________ (neanderthals) considered to have lived up to 28,000 years ago. they had brains as large as modern humans, and multiple tools, hunted large animals.

A

Homo neanderthalensis

73
Q

_________ has brain size of around 1,300 cc

A

Homo sapiens

74
Q

Analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosomes suggests that all living humans

A

inherited their mtDNA from a women who lived 160,000-200,000 years ago.

Biology 100 (19 decks)

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