Chapter 5 Flashcards
The capacity to cause change or to do work.
Energy
What is an example of potential energy?
Chemical Energy
The energy of motion is called _________.
Kinetic Energy
Heat causes what kind of movement?
Random movement
What is stored energy called?
Potential Energy
Chemical energy is an example of?
Potential Energy
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
Matter and Energy cannot be created or destroyed only converted
What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
Energy change is not 100% efficient
Some energy is always lost as heat.
Entropy
This molecule can be broken down into a simpler form for its uses of energy.
Glucose
The process where chemical energy is stored in organic molecules is used to produce ATP which causes the cells can use to perform work.
Cellular Respiration
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
What does ATP consist of?
Consist of adenosine plus three phosphate groups
How is energy obtained?
Energy is obtained by either Photosynthesis or Ingesting food.
Energy can not be ________ or _________, however it can be __________.
Created; Destroyed; Transferred
What is an example of Kinetic Energy?
Heat
Why is chemical energy considered to be a form of potential energy?
Potential Energy has energy stored in their chemical bonds
Some energy is lost as heat.
Entropy
What is ADP?
Adenosine diphosphate
What does ADP consist of?
Adenosine Plus two phosphate
Phosphate has a _______ Charge.
Negative
ATP (using energy)
ATP—-> Energy + ADP + P
ADP (Storing energy)
ADP + Energy + P —-> ATP
The total sum of all chemical reactions in an organism.
Metabolism
_______ are proteins that facilitate cellular reactions.
Enzymes
This protein can either turn off or stop a reaction from occur.
Enzymes
What is activation energy?
The energy required for a chemical reaction to occur
What are catalysts?
Enzymes
Enzymes lower activation energy.
allowing reactions to occur more readily.
Enzymes lower________
Activation enegry
Highly selective proteins which react with certain molecules.
Substrates
Where does the substrate interact with?
Active site
When enzymes interact with the substrate the enzymes may under go a conformational change called an _____ ____ which makes interaction between the active site of the enzyme and substrate even tigher, and interaction more efficient.
Induce fit
Enzymes activity is influenced by
Temperature
salt concentration
pH
concentration
-ase is
an enzyme
When it is denatures enzymes by altering their 3-D shape.
Temperature
ions can interfere with active site
Salt concentration
can change the 3D shape or interfere with active site
pH
The concentration of enzyme or substrate
concentration
What can an enzyme inhibitor do?
may prevent a reaction from taking place
permanently fill the active site instead of the substrate preventing certain reaction from occuring
What is an Allosteric site and what does it do?
when a noncompetitive inhibitors interact with a different part of the enzyme (allosteric) causing the active site to change shape.
What is the plasma membrane composed of?
Phospholipid bilayer
The unique characteristics of the plasma membrane, enabling some molecules to freely pass whereas others enter only via protein channels.
Selectively Permeable
Plasma membrane
cells can regulate the import and export of chemicals used in chemical reactions by way of the plasma membrane
The random movement of molecules
Diffusion
Molecules naturally move from ____ concentration to a ____ concentration
High to low
No energy need, molecules travel across a membrane from high concentration to low concentration
Passive transport (diffusion)
Specific transport proteins are selective in which molecules may pass into cell ( no energy required)
Facilitated diffusion
Cells use energy to move molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration
Active transport
active transport uses___________ to move a molecule across a membrane from a low concentration to a high concentration
Uses energy (ATP)
Solutions with equal solute concentration as solution outside of it
Isotonic
Solution with lower concentration of solutes of solution outside of it
Hypotonic
Solution with a higher concentration of solute outside of it
Hypertonic
water passively moving across a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentration
osmosis
control of water balance in cells
Osmoregulation
When cells may have a different concentration of solutes that their environment, which may result in ______ or ______.
Water loss; water gain
solutes usually do not enter or exit the cell, rather the concentration of _____ ____ or ______ the cell may change
water inside or outside
Large molecules are transferred by vesicles outside the cell
Exocytosis
The plasma membrane forms around substances, moving them in vesicles which are brought into cells
Endocytosis
A cell engulfs large food particles or entire organisms
Phagocytosis (eating)
A cell “gulps” droplets of fluid by forming tiny vesicles.
Pinocytosis (drinking)
External molecules bind to a specific protein (receptor) on plasma membrane, then are brought into cell
Receptor mediated endocytoes
_______ are also involved in cellular communication by binding signal molecules.
Receptors
an extracellular signal molecule bond to celll surface protein may change the shape of the________.
protein
A signal can be passed on to the inside of the cell.
signal transduction pathway
