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Biology 100 > Chapter 24 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The expanding human population threatens (2)

A
  • Biodiversity

- the loss of natural ecosystem

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2
Q

Healthy ecosystem (4)

A
  • Purify air and water
  • Decompose waste
  • Recycle nutrients
  • Pollinate crops
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3
Q
  • Other individuals in its own population
  • Population of other species living in the same ares
  • An assemblage of species living close enough together for potential interaction is called a community
A

An organism’s biotic environment

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4
Q

An assemblage of species living close enough together for potential interaction is called a ____________.

A

community

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5
Q

__________are interactions between species. Classified according to effect organisms involved

A

interspecific interaction

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6
Q

____ interactions occur when two populations in a community compete for a common resource.

A

Negative/Negative (-/-)

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7
Q

____ interactions are mutually beneficial, such as between plants and their pollinators

A

Positive/Positive (+/+)

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8
Q

___ Interactions occur when one population benefits and the other is harmed, such as in predation

A

Positive/Negative (-/+)

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9
Q

In ______________, the population growth of a species may be limited

A

Interspecific competition (-/-)

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10
Q

In interspecific competition the population growth of a species may be limited by (2)

A
  • The population densities of competing species

- By the density of its own population

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11
Q

An ecological _______ is the sum of an organism’s abiotic and biotic resources in its environments

A

Niche

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12
Q

___________ occurs when the niches of two populations overlap.

A

Interspecific competition

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13
Q

The _________________ states that if two species have an ecological niche that is too similar, the two species cannot coexist in the same place.

A

Competitive exclusion principle

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14
Q

These different species of warblers have an ecological niche that overlaps, leading to ______________,

A

Interspecific competition

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15
Q

________both species benefit from an interaction

A

Mutualism(+/+)

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16
Q

An example of mutualism includes (2)

A

reef-building corals and photosynthetic dinoflagellates

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17
Q

The photosynthetic dinoflagellates (3)

Both organisms benefits

A
  • gain shelter in the cells of each coral polyp
  • produce sugar used by the polyps
  • provide at least half of the enegry used by the coral animals
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18
Q

refers to an interaction in which one species (the predator) kills and eats another (the prey)

A

Predation(+/-)

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19
Q

Numerous adaptations for predator avoidance have evolved in prey populations through ____________.

A

natural selection

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20
Q

Camouflage

A

Cryptic coloration

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21
Q

Cryptic coloration

A

A way for prey to hide from predators

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22
Q

Brightly colored pattern

A

Warning coloration

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23
Q

Warning coloration

A

-Way to warn predators that an animal has an effective chemical defense

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24
Q

Animals look like another species

A

Mimicry

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25
Q

is the consumption of plant part or algae by an animals

A

Herbivory (+/-)

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26
Q

Herbivores and plants undergo ___________.

A

coevolution

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27
Q

Herbivores and plants undergo coevolution (2)

A
  • a series of reciprocal evolutionary adaptation in two species
  • in which change in one species acts as a new selective force on another
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28
Q

A plant whose body parts have been eaten by an animal must expend energy to replace the loss

A

Thus, numerous defenses against herbivores have evolved in plants

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29
Q

Plants defenses against herbivores include

A
  • spines and thorns

- chemical toxins

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30
Q

Parasites and pathogens are

A

(+/-)

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31
Q

Plants can animals can be a victims of

A

Parasites
internal parasites
external parasites
pathogens

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32
Q

Parasites, an organism that live in or on a ____ from which it obtains nutrients

A

Host

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33
Q

Internal parasites include

A

nematodes and tapeworms

34
Q

External parasites include

A

mosquitoes, ticks, and aphids

35
Q

Pathogens are disease-causing microscopic parasites

A
  • Bacteria
  • viruses
  • fungi
  • protist
36
Q

_______is the feeding relationship among the various species in a community

A

Trophic structure

37
Q

A community trophic structure determines the passage of energy and nutrients from plants and other photosynthetic organisms

A
  • To herbivores

- then to predators

38
Q

The trophic level that supports all other trophic levels consists of autotrophs, also called

A

producers

39
Q

All organisms in trophic levels above the producers are heterotrophs, or

A

consumers

40
Q

Primary consumers are called ______, which eat plants

A

herbivores

41
Q

Above the level of primary consumers are carnivores, which eat the consumers from the level below

A

secondary consumers
tertiary consumers
quaternary consumers

42
Q

Energy is lost as it moves each trophic level, limiting the number of trophic levels an ________ can sustain.

A

ecosystem

43
Q

_____, which are often called scavengers, consume detritus, the dead material left by all trophic levels

A

Detritivores

44
Q

_______ are prokaryotes and fungi, which screte enzymes that digest molecules in organic material and convert them into inorganic forms

A

Decomposers

45
Q

a_______ is a network of interconnecting food chains

A

food web

46
Q

In food webs

A
  • consumers may eat more than one type of produce

- several species of consumers may feed on the same species of producers

47
Q

A______ shows multiple interaction among producers, predators, and prey which is a better representation of what occurs in nature

A

foods web

48
Q

_______ is concerned with the number of different species and their relative abundance in community

A

species diversity

49
Q

Species diversity is important in ecosystems because it makes them more productive and enables them to ______________________________.

A

rebound much fast if faced with a disturbance

50
Q

Although each of these woodlots has the same number of species,

A

woodlot b is considered more diverse

51
Q

A___________is a species whose impact on its community is larger than its biomass or abundance indicates and occupies a niche that holds the rest of its community in place

A

Keystone species

52
Q

some examples of keystone species in marine ecosystems include

A
  • Pisaster sea star because they keep the population of mussels in a marine environment in check
  • without Pisaster, mussels would completely dominate many marine habitats
53
Q

_______: are events that damage biological communities

A

Disturbances

54
Q

Disturbances include

A

Storms, fires, flood, droughts, overgrazing, or human activity

55
Q

The types, frequency, and severity of disturbances varies from

A

community to community

56
Q

after a disturbance an ecological

A

succession follows

57
Q

________ is the colonization of a species in a given habitat after a disturbance

A

ecological succession

58
Q

Primary succession begins in a virtually lifeless area with no soil ex:

A

volcanoes and glacial activity

59
Q

Secondary succession occurs when a distrubance destroys an existing community but leaves the soil intact ex:

A

fires and floods

60
Q

___________: are organisms that have been introduced into non-native habitats by humans actions

A

Invasive species

61
Q

Invasive species

A
  • have established themselves at the expense of native communities
  • The absence of natural enemies often allow rapid population growth of invasive species
62
Q

Example of invasive species include the deliberate introduction of

A
  • rabbits into australia

- cane toads into australia

63
Q

__________ include essential elements and chemicals needed throughout different levels or an ecosystem

A

Biogeochemicals cycles

64
Q

Biogeochemical cycle include

A

Biotic components

Abiotic components

65
Q

Biogeochemical cycles can be

A

-local or global

66
Q

Carbon is

A

the major ingredient of all organic molecules

67
Q

found in the atmosphere, fossil fuel, dissolved in cabon compound in ocean

A

carbon

68
Q

The return of CO2 to the atmosphere by respiration closely balances its removal by _______________.

A

Photosynthesis

69
Q

The carbon cycle is affected by

A

Burning wood and fossil fuels

70
Q

Organisms require phosphorus for

A

nucleic acids, phospholipds, and atp

71
Q

The________ does not have an atmospheric component

A

Phosphorus cycle

72
Q

_____ are the only source of phosphorus for terrestrial ecosystem

A

rocks

73
Q

_____ absorb phosphate ions in the soil and build them into organic compounds

A

Plants

74
Q

Phosphates are returned to the soil by _________.

A

decomposers

75
Q

Phosphate levels in ________ are typically low enough to be a limiting factor

A

aquatic ecosystem

76
Q

Nitrogen is an ingredient of proteins and nucleic acids(2)

A
  • essential to the structure and functioning of all organisms, and
  • a crucial and often limiting plant nutrients
77
Q

Nitrogen has two abiotic reservoirs

A

1) theatmosphere of which about 80% is nitrogen gas

2) soil

78
Q

Nitrogen fixation (2)

A
  • converts N2 to compounds of nitrogen that can be used by plants
  • is carried out by some bacteria
79
Q

Although agricultural and other managed ecosystems are necessary to supply our needs, we also depend on services provided by _________.

A

natural ecosystems

80
Q

Healthy ecosystems (4)

A
  • supply freshwater and some food
  • recycle nutrients
  • decompose wastes
  • regulate climate and air quality

Biology 100 (19 decks)

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