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Biology 100 > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

_______ is the scientific study of how organisms interact with their environment

A

Ecology

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2
Q

Environmental characteristics are classified into two major components.

A

Abiotic and biotic Characteristics

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3
Q

___________: Physical and nonliving chemical characteristics, such as temperature, soil moisture, or CO2 availability

A

Abiotic characteristic

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4
Q

__________: Relation of living organisms with the environment, ex: population density or bacterial load

A

Biotic characteristic

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5
Q

Four levels of ecology

A

1) organismal ecology
2) population ecology
3) community ecology
4) ecosystem ecology

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6
Q

Organismal Ecology

A
  • This is the simplest level of ecology

- It exposes how well individuals organisms cope with the challenges of their abiotic charateristic

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7
Q

Population Ecology

A
  • At this level, ecologists study populations: groups of individuals of the same species living in the same area
  • This focuses primarily on population-level factors such as population density and growth
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8
Q

Community Ecology

A
  • This is the study of species assemblages and their environmental interaction
  • At this level, ecologists study the structure and organization of how all the species in an area interact together
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9
Q

Ecosystem Ecology

A
  • This is the most dynamic and complex type of ecology

- focus on energy flow and the cycling of chemical among

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10
Q

__________ are what largely determine which type of organism can live where.

A

Abiotic

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11
Q

Specific organisms are specialized to live in _________.

A

specific environments

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12
Q

In the desert, organims deal with ______________.

A

heat and water loss.

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13
Q

In temperate climates, organisms deal with ____________.

A

seasonal changes

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14
Q

Energy in all ecosystems in ultimately traced back to __________, which plants transfer into chemical energy.

A

Solar energy

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15
Q

The more plants, the greater potential for diversity of ______.

A

life

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16
Q

Availability of sunlight affects

A

aquatic and terrestrial environments

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17
Q

A challenge in the water is____________.

A

light fading with depth

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18
Q

On land shading by other organisms is a _______.

A

problem

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19
Q

Plants and animals have different strategies to cope with ____________ sunlight

A

little or intense

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20
Q

Environmental temperature has a critical effect on an organisms _______.

A

metabolism

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21
Q

Few organisms can maintain a sufficiently active metabolism at temperatures close to ____.

A

0 c

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22
Q

Temperatures above________________ of most organisms.

A

45’c destroy the enzymes

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23
Q

Some bacteria and archaea are unique because they can live in extreme temperatures _________ _________ __________ __________.

A

have enzymes that function optimally at extremely high tempertures

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24
Q

Marine organisms have to balance their cells against the ___________ found in sea-water

A

high salt concentration

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25
Q

Freshwater organisms must regulate water intake because they live in a ___________________.

A

Hypotonic environment

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26
Q

Terrestrial organisms must conserve ______ and avoid _______.

A

water

water loss

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27
Q

because water exists as three forms on earth, organisms need to be able to utilize these forms depending on their ___________.

A

environment

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28
Q

Aquatic but not terrestrial ecosystems are more limited by (3)

A
  • The levels of dissolved oxygen and salinity
  • currents
  • tides
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29
Q

______, ______, and ______ can also effect an organisms’ use of their environment of growth patterns

A

Wind patterns
storms
and fire

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30
Q

Many plants depend on wind to _____________.

A

disperse pollen and seeds

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31
Q

other organisms require wind to blow in _________.

A

nutrients

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32
Q

The distribution and abundance of plants is often determined by the (2)

A
  • Availability of nitrogen and phosphorus

- the structure, pH, and nutrient content of the soil

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33
Q

In many aquatic ecosystems the growth of algae and photosynthetic bacteria is often limited by levels of (2)

A
  • Nitrogen

- Phosphorus

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34
Q

Catastrophic disturbances can have huge impact on biological communites (2)

A

-Some of these disturbances are irregular and random
(earthquakes, volcanism, fire)
-Other disturbances have a certain degree of periodicity
(hurricanes, tornadoes, floods)

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35
Q

On occasion, these can actually drive variation, because this selects for organisms favored under ______.

A

stress

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36
Q

After disturbance, ______________ (re-growth of habitat) take place

A

ecological successions

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37
Q

Because organisms continually interact with their environment, ____________ will select for certain phenotypes and against others

A

Natural selection

38
Q

The three areas of adaptation in which natural selection acts on a phenotype are _________________. (3)

A

Physiology, anatomy, and behavior

39
Q

___________ is a physiological adjustment to an environmental change

A

Acclimation

40
Q

Among vertebrates, birds and mammals can tolerate the greatest temperature extremes because they are _________.

A

Endotherms

41
Q

While the metabolism of ectotherms, like reptiles (cold blooded animals) fluctuates with their environment, and __________ can tolerate only limited climates.

A

Ectotherms

42
Q

There are many anatomical features that allow organisms to cope with environmental challenges (1)

A
  • There include changes in body shape or having specific anatomical features
43
Q

Reversible change, _________________ is an example of acclimation.

A

Such as a heavier fur coat in response to cold

44
Q

Most behavioral adaptations are limited to animals since plants lack the ability to _____________.

A

move around

45
Q

Behavioral Responses include (3)

A
  • Specialized mating
  • Ectotherms may shuttle between sun and shade
  • Migratory birds travel great distances in response to changing season
46
Q

A Biome is a major ______________ life zone,

A

terrestrial or aquatic

47
Q

A Biome is characterized by (2)

A
  • Vegetation type in terrestrial biomes

- The physical environment in aquatic biomes

48
Q

Aquatic biomes (2)

A
  • Occupy roughly 75% of earth surface

- Are determined by their salinity and other physical factors

49
Q

Freshwater biomes typically have a salt concentration of ___________.

A

less then 1%

50
Q

Standing water:

A

Lakes and ponds

51
Q

Flowing water:

A

Streams and rivers

52
Q

The _________, named because light is available for photosynthesis, includes algae and plant growth

A

Photic Zones

53
Q

The ________ is deeper, and the light levels are too low to support photosynthesis

A

Aphotic zones

54
Q

The _______ is at the bottom of all aquatic biomes

A

Benthic realm

55
Q

The Benthic realm is made up of __________.

A

sand and organic and inorganic sediments

56
Q

Occupied by communities of organisms that are collectively called___________.

A

benthos

57
Q

In lakes and large ponds, the communities of plants, algae, and animals are distributed according to the (2)

A
  • depth of water

- distance from shore

58
Q

Rivers and streams

A
  • are bodies of water flowing in one direction

- generally support quite different communities of organisms than lakes and ponds

59
Q

Often build dams to control floods, to provide reservoirs for drinking water, or to _______________.

A

generate hydroelectric power

60
Q

A _______ is a transitional biome between an aquatic ecosystem and a terrestrial one

A

Wetlands

61
Q

Wetlands,support the growth of aquatic plants and are ________ (different kinds of species living in a given area)

A

Rich in species diversity

62
Q

Marine biomes Typically have a salt concentration around ____

A

3%

63
Q

Marine biomes include ____________________.

A

Oceans, intertidal zones, coral reef, and esturaies

64
Q

________ are diverse, ranging from vivd coral reefs to perpetually dark realms in the deepest regions

A

Marine biomes

65
Q

As in freshwater biomes, the seafloor is known as the ______________.

A

Benthic realm

66
Q

In these sunlight areas photosynthesis by __________(photosynthetic algae and bacteria) and multicellular algae provides energy for a diverse community of animals.

A

Phytoplankton

67
Q

The pelagic zone includes (2)

A
  • Zooplankton (free-floating animals, including many microscopic ones)
  • Fish and marine mammals
68
Q

The _______ biome occurs in the photic zone of warm tropical waters, in scattered locations around the globe.

A

Coral reef

69
Q

In shallow areas such as the submerged parts of continents are call ____________.

A

continental shelf

70
Q

The photic zone (200m) includes _______________.

A

Pelagic and benthic region

71
Q

Estuaries (2)

A
  • are transition area between a river and the ocean

- have a saltiness ranging from nearly that of fresh water to that of the ocean

72
Q

Terrestrial biomes are primarily determined by __________________________.

A

-temperature and rainfall

73
Q

Earths global climate pattern are largely that result of (2)

A
  • the input of radiant energy from the sun

- the plants movement in space

74
Q

Mountains effect climate in two major ways.

A
  1. air temperature drops as elevation increases

2. mountains can block the flow of cool, moist air from a coast

75
Q

Terrestrial ecosystems are grouped into biomes primarily on the _________________.

A

basis of their vegetation type

76
Q

Tropical forests occur in equatorial ares, where the temperature is warm, and where days are __________________________.

A

11-12 hours long year-round

77
Q

Savannas are dominated by ______________.

A

grasses and scattered trees

78
Q

Savannas are _______

A

warm year-round

79
Q

Savannas experience rainfall (_____________) with dramatic seasonal variation

A

roughly 12 to 20 inches per year

80
Q

Deserts ___________________.

A

are the driest of all biomes

81
Q

___________ has a climate that results from cool ocean currents circulating offshore and producing mild, rainy winter and hot, dry summer

A

Chaparral

82
Q

Temperature grasslands: _____________.

A

are mostly treeless

83
Q

Temperature grasslands (2)

A
  • have 10-30 inches of rain per year

- experience frequent drought and fires

84
Q

Coniferous forests are dominated by ___________.

A

cone-bearing evergreen trees

85
Q

Coniferous include the northern coniferous forest, or ______ the largest terrestrial biome on earth

A

Taiga

86
Q

_______________:covers expansive areas of the Arctic between the taiga and polar ice

A

Tundra

87
Q

Tundra can be characterized by (3)

A
  • permafrost (permanently frozen subsoil)
  • bitterly cold temperatures
  • highwinds
88
Q

________covers the land at high latitudes north of the arctic tundra in the northern hemisphere and Antarctice in the southern hemisphere, only a small portion of these land masses is free of ice or snow, even during the summer

A

Polar ice

89
Q

All parts of the biosphere are linked by the__________.

A

global water cycle

90
Q

The destruction of tropical rain forests reduces the amount of water vapor in the air, which can affect _________.

A

rainfall

91
Q

Pumping large amounts of groundwater to the surface for irrigation _____________________________.

A

increases the rate of evaporation over land

92
Q

This can lead to an imbalance of water distribution over biomes,________________.

A

affecting all life in them

Biology 100 (19 decks)

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