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Biology 100 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How old is earth considered to be?

A

4.6 billion years old

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2
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • evolve by 3.5 billion years old
  • began oxygen production about 2.7 billion years ago
  • lived alone for almost 2 billion years
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3
Q

Single-celled ________ are considered to have evolved about 2.1 billion years ago.

A

Eukaryotes

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4
Q

___________ eukaryotes are considered to have evolved approximately 1.2 billion years ago.

A

Multicellular

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5
Q

Biological history is stores __________ layers

A

geological

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6
Q

2.5 billion year-old fossilized prokaryote mats suggest that photosynthetic bacteria produced O2, which created an ___________________ important for life.

A

Aerobic atmosphere

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7
Q

These fossilized mats containing photosynthetic bacteria are called _______________.

A

stromatolites

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8
Q

This is referred to as the ____________.

A

Oxygen revolution

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9
Q

Earths early atmosphere probably contained ? 5

A

H2O, CO, CO2, N2 and possibly some CH4

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10
Q

The absence of _________ in the oldest rocks shows that there little or no O2 was present

A

oxidation

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11
Q

All organisms today arise via ___________, stating that life comes from life.

A

biogenesis

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12
Q

According to current hypotheses, the first organisms arose via chemical evolution in 3 stages.

A
  1. Collection of monomers
  2. Formation of RNA polymers (simple genes)
  3. Assembly of complement RNA (replication)
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13
Q

All organisms today arise via biogenesis, stating that life comes from life this is known as

A

Biogenesis paradox

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14
Q

___________ were likely synthesized from simpler molecules… this take energy.

A

Macromolecules

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15
Q

On the early Earth, it is proposed that inorganic chemicals were energized by ______ or ________ and combined to form new structures.

A

lighting or UV radiation

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16
Q

In 1953, _________ simulated what he thought was the “early earth” in his laboratory.

A

Stanley miller

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17
Q

Simple organic molecules can _________ on hot rocks or clay

A

polymerize

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18
Q

Simple organic molecules can polymerize on hot rocks or clay, this can produced ___________ and __________________.

A

Polypeptides and short nucleic acids

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19
Q

Short ___ pieces may have been acted as the 1st type of nucleic acid present on the early earth.

A

RNA

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20
Q

Polymerization of organic monomers in various situations does occur, however they are also often broken down into _______________________.

A

Monomers during these same processes.

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21
Q

If a RNA polymer formed, the catalytic ability of RNA may have lead to ______________________.

A

Self-replication of RNA

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22
Q

Short RNA molecules can act as rough templates for the formation of _________________.

A

Short polypeptides

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23
Q

can assist with RNA replication.

A

Polypeptides

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24
Q

These polypeptides can then assist with RNA replication, such assemblies may as ________. “Co-ops”

A

Primitive molecular cooperation.

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25
Q

are RNA molecules that act like enzymes.

A

Ribozymes

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26
Q

if they are placed into a aqueous (water-based) solution, they form a self-sealing sphere. why does this happen.

A

because phospolipids have hydrophobic tail and hydrophillic heads

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27
Q

This self sealing sphere may have acted like a __________________, sealing RNA and polypeptides.

A

primitive membrane

28
Q

A protected chemical environment may have given rise to a ______________.

A

primitive metabolism

29
Q

________, then favors those co-ops that are most efficient, and effectively reproduce (or divide)

A

Natural selection

30
Q

Although scientists have not made life, they attest that over the course of billions of years, the correct combinations of macromolecules came together to form a simple cell, then ____________________.

A

Environmental pressures are responsible for the variety we see today.

31
Q

Distant _________________ are used to categorize organisms into time frames when they evolved and existed on earth.

A

Geological eras

32
Q

Radiometric dating uses _________________ which decay with predictable half-life. The 1/2 life is measured, and compared to current standards to determine the age of ancient fossils and geologic rocks.

A

Radioactive isotopes

33
Q

According to the theory of plate tectonics……

A

the Earths crust is divided into giant, irregularly shaped plates that essentially float on the underlying mantle

34
Q

In a process called ____________, movements in the mantle cause the plates to move.

A

Continental drift

35
Q

Since the origin of multicellular life roughly 1.5 billon years ago, there have been three occasions in which the landmasses of earth came together to form a supercontinent called _______

A

Pangea

36
Q

Continental drift explains the distribution of lungfishes, fossils of lungfishes are found on every continent except Antarctice, today, living lungfishes are found in south america, africa, and australia, this evidence suggest that lung fish evolved when

A

Pangea was still in tact

37
Q

Volcanoes and earthquakes result from the movements of _____________.

A

Crustal plate

38
Q

The boundaries of plates are hotspots of _________________.

A

volcanic and earthquake activitly

39
Q

over the last 500 million years,

A
  • five mass extinctions have occured
  • in each event, more than 50% of the earths species went extinit
  • the boundaries of plates are hotspots of volcanic and earthquake activity
40
Q

When the Permian mass extinction occur

A

occured about 251 million years ago

41
Q

What happened in the Permian mass extinction

A

claimed 96% of marine animals specied, and took a tremendous toll on terrestrial life, and was likely caused by enormous volcanic eruption.

42
Q

In the Crataceous mass extinction what happened

A

caused the extinction of all the dinosaurs except birds

- was likely caused by a large asteroid that struck the Earth, blocking light and disrupting the global climate

43
Q

What is adaptive radiations?

A

are periods of evolutionary change that

  • occur when many new species evolve from common ancestor that colonized a new, unexploited area
  • often follow extinction events
44
Q

Radiations may result from the evolution of new adaptations such as

A

Wings, and adaptation for life on land in plants, insects, and tetrapods

45
Q

The fossil record can tell us

A
  • What the great events in history of life have been

- when they occured

46
Q

The field of _____________________ addresses the interface of evolutionary biology and developmental biology and examines how slight genetic changes can produce major morphological differences

A

Evo-devo (evolution and development)

47
Q

Genes that program development controls the

A
  • rate
  • timing
  • spatial pattern of change in an organisms form as it develops
48
Q

______________ is the retention in the adult of body structures that were juveniles features in an ancestral species.

A

Paedomorphosis

49
Q

An example of Paedomorphosis is

A

the Axolotl salamande in which sexually mature adults retain gills and other larval features

50
Q

Are the master control genes and determine basic features, such as where pairs of wings or legs developed on a fruit fly.

A

Homeotic genes

51
Q

profound alternations in body form can result from

A
  • changes in homeotic gene

- how or where homeotic genes are expressed

52
Q

In the evolution of an eye or any other complex structure, behavior, or biochemical pathways, each step must

A
  • bring a selective advantage to the organism possessing

- increase the organisms fitness

53
Q

In other cases, evolutionary novelties result from the gradual adaptation of existing structures to new function, such structures that evolve in one context but become co-opted for another function are often called __________________.

A

exaptation

54
Q

examples of expectations include

A
  • feathers that may have first functioned for insulation and later were co-opted for flight
  • flippers of penguins that first functioned for flight and were co-opted for underwater swimming.
55
Q

is the evolutionary history of a species or group of species

A

Phylogeny

56
Q

Phylogeny can be inferred from

A
  • the fossil record
  • morphological homologies
  • molecular homolgies
57
Q

is a discipline of biology

A

systematics

58
Q

systematics is discipline of biology that focuses on

A
  • classifying organism

- determining their evolutionary relationship

59
Q

Carolus Linnaeus introduced ______, a system of naming and classifying species

A

Taxonomy

60
Q

biologists assign each species a two-part scientific name or ___________.

A

binomial

61
Q

biologists assign each species a two-part scientific name or binomial, consisting of

A
  • a genus

- a unique part for each species within the genus

62
Q

______ are grouped into progressively larger

A

Genera

63
Q

Each taxonomic unit is a ____

A

Taxon

64
Q

DKPCOFGS

A 
DUMB
KIDS
PLAYING
CATCH
ON
FREEWAY
GO
SPLAT
65
Q

Biologists traditionally use _______ to depict hypotheses about the evolutionary history of species

A

Phylogenetic tree

66
Q

The branching diagrams reflect the _____________ of groups nested within more inclusive group

A

hierarchial classification

67
Q

___________tree indicate the probable evolutionary relationships among groups and patterns of descent

A

Phylogenetic

Biology 100 (19 decks)

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