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Biology 100 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

The cellular basis of reproduction and inheritance

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1
Q

________________ Is the biological creation of the next generation.

A

Reproduction

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2
Q

reproduction occurs primarily at the ________________.

A

cellular level

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3
Q

Cell division is critical for the continuing replacement of __________________.

A

ageing or lost.

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4
Q

Cell division is critical for the production of additional cells to allow ________ and __________.

A

growth and reproduction

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5
Q

Cell division is called_____________.

A

mitosis

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6
Q

There are two types of reproduction, _____________ and ___________ reproduction.

A

asexual; sexual

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7
Q

During asexual reproduction there is ___________________________.

A

no exchange of genetic material.

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8
Q

An organism reproduces by making an ____________________.

A

exact copy of itself.

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9
Q

Most prokaryotic organisms reproduce asexually in a process called ______________.

A

binary fission

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10
Q

During _______________________, two organism exchange genetic material to produce a new generation of organisms that is similar.

A

sexual reproduction

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11
Q

During sexual reproduction, two organisms exchange genetic material to produce a new generation of organisms that is similar.
This exchange may be accomplished by __________ of eggs and sperm or direct DNA exchange (as in many Unicellular organisms)

A

fertilization

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12
Q

To achieve fertilization, gametes (eggs and sperm) are produced by gonads, and they ____________.

A

must be used

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13
Q

The production of gametes is a series of 2 cellular divisions called __________.

A

meiosis

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14
Q

Each cell contains all of the genetic information that makes up an organism, this molecular information is know as the___________.

A

Genome

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15
Q

Each cell contains all of the genetic information that makes and organism, most of this information is located in the nucleus of ______________.

A

eukaryotic cells

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16
Q

What are the two primary functions of a cell?

A

Conduct metabolic activities and divide to create more cells.

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17
Q

What is the metabolic phase called?

A

Interpahse

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18
Q

What is the reproductive phase called?

A

Mitotic phase

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19
Q

Metabolic activity and synthesis of enzymes.

A

G1: Gap phase.

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20
Q

All chromosomes are duplicated

A

S phase; DNA synthesis

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21
Q

Chromosomes divide and cell division occurs

A

M phase; Mitotic phase

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22
Q

Production of microtubules important for cellular division

A

G2 phase Last stage before mitosis

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23
Q

Chromosomes are assembled from DNA strands plus several ________ proteins.

A

histone

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24
Q

When chromosomes are assembled from DNA strands plus several histone proteins this assemblage is called___________.

A

Chromatin

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25
Q

During_______, when the DNA needs to be active, the chromosomes are _______.

A

interphase; unwound

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26
Q

When DNA needs to be replicated before ________, the chromosomes are ___________, like a ball of string.

A

mitosis, tightly wound

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27
Q

DNA has a _________ charge.

A

Negative

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28
Q

_____ is coiled and folded several times enabling this extremely long molecule to be packaged into a tiny ______.

A

DNA; Nucleus

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29
Q

In preparation for _______, all of the genetic material is replicated.

A

Mitosis

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30
Q

The resulting two copies of the DNA are __________________.

A

Sister chromatids

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31
Q

During Mitosis the sister chromatids are,___________ and __________ to different daughter cells.

A

Separated and distributed

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32
Q

After __________, the genetic material must be divided so that cell_______ can occur.

A

interphase; division

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33
Q

The steps leading up to a cell division are collectively known as ____________.

A

Mitosis

34
Q

During mitosis, spindle fibers formed by the cells _________ attach to the chromosomes at structures called ________ and guide the chromosomes into position.

A

Certrioles; Kinetochores

35
Q

The chromosomes are first moved to the middle of the cell by ____________.

A

Mitotic spindles

36
Q

The spindle fibers then separate the chromosomes into two identical sets by moving them to the __________ of the dividing cell.

A

Polar end

37
Q

What order does mitosis occur in?

A 
Prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telephase
cynkinesis
38
Q

What happens in the early Prophase and what step does this occur?

A

Mitotic spindle form

1st

39
Q

What happens in the late prophase and what step does this occur?

A

Chromosomes compact
nuclear envelope breaks
1st

40
Q

What happens in Metaphase and what step does this occur?

A

Chromosomes compact, move to middle of cell also mitotic spindle attaches to chromosomes at kinrtochore.
2nd

41
Q

What happens in Anaphase and what steps does this occur?

A

Mitotic spindle shortens, pulls chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell.
This is the 3rd phase

42
Q

What happens in the Telophase and Cytokinesis and what step does this occur?

A

mitotic spindle disintegrates, nuclear envelope begins to form again, and cell divides

43
Q

________ is the final step in cell formation.

A

Cytokinesis

44
Q

Cytokinesis is typically coincides with_________.

A

Telophase

45
Q

During cytokinesis, the ________ is split up as the new cells are completed.

A

Cytoplasm

46
Q

In animals, cytokinesis occurs by __________.

A

Cleavage

47
Q

Cleavage “_______” the cell apart.

A

Pinches

48
Q

In plants, ________ with cell wall material accumulate at the cell midline.

A

Vesicles

49
Q

Vesicles with cell wall material accumulate at the cell midline, these vesicles form a ________________.

A

Membranous cell plate

50
Q

Once the ends of the cell plate are connected to the cell wall, ______ cells have been formed.

A

two

51
Q

The cell cycle operates as a control device for cell ___________ and ___________.

A

development; growth

52
Q

__________ (cancer causing agent) or genetic may interrupt or change the timing of the cell cycle as a cell growth.

A

Carcinogens

53
Q

Carcinogens may cause to reproduce at the wrong time or in the wrong place, causing _________.

A

Tumor growth

54
Q

A __________ is a mass of defective cells that remains cohesive in its place of origin.

A

Benign tumor

55
Q

A _________ is a spreading tumor, whose cells may spread to other parts of the body.

A

Malignant tumor

56
Q

______ cells divide rapidly and may spread to other organs and tissues.

A

Cancer

57
Q

_________ is the spread of cancer to other places.

A

Metastasis

58
Q

What types of treatments are available for treating cancer?

A

Surgery (‘slash”) removes
Radiation therapy (“burn”) disrupts cell division
Cheotherapy (“poison”) uses drugs that disrupt cell division of fast-dividing cancer cells

59
Q

What is the fundamental purpose of sex?

A

Reproduction

60
Q

What is the cellular process that prepares reproductive cells?

A

Meiosis

61
Q

When male and females reproductive cells fuse?

A

Fertilization

62
Q

Most of the cells in an organism are called?

A

Diploid (two sets of chromosomes)

63
Q

Somatic cells have ____ chromosomes.

A

46

64
Q

46 chromosomes can be denoted as_____.

A

2n

65
Q

Reproductive cells, such as gamates only have n= __ chromosomes or a haploid set.

A

23

66
Q

An order of chromosomes pairs used to determine chromosome number and characteristics is known as.

A

Karotype

67
Q

What are matching chromosomes pairs called?

A

Homologous chromosomes

68
Q

Humans have 22 pairs of chromosomes that are of the same size and basic composition theses a referred to as what?

A

Autosome

69
Q

What is the 23rd chomosomes referred to as?

A

Sex chromosomes

70
Q

Men have __ chromosomes.

A

xy

71
Q

Women have ___ chromosomes.

A

xx

72
Q

Eggs and Sperm are___________.

A

gametes

73
Q

Gametes are produced by _________.

A

gonads

74
Q

The sequence of events that leads from one to the next is referred to as the __________.

A

Life cycle

75
Q

Meiosis produces _____ ____, they fuse to form a ___________.

A

Haploid gametes

Diploid zygote

76
Q

The diploid zygote undergoes ________.

A

Mitosis

77
Q

How does meiosis divide chromosome numbers in half?

A

1st each chromosome is duplicated
2nd the 1st cell division occurs (meiosis I) segregating two chromosomes of a homologous pair into two haploid daughter cells ( each chromosome has two sister chromatids)
3rd, Meiosis II seprates sister chromatids, resulting in 4 haploid daughter cells (each chromosome with only 1 sister chromatid)

78
Q

During meiosis diploid organisms produce ___________.

A

haploid gametes

79
Q

During meiosis diploid organisms produce haploid gametes, it takes two divisions to do this. What are they called?

A

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

80
Q

In contrast to mitosis,

A

Meiosis exchanges genetic information, allowing variation

81
Q

meiosis only occurs in

A

overios or testes

Biology 100 (19 decks)

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