Chapter 17 Flashcards
________ are multicellular, autotrophic, terrestrial eukaryotes.
Plants
Plants must have important ________ and ________ differences then algae to deal with gravity and water loss.
Structural
functional
Plants obtain _____ and ______ from the air.
- Light
- Carbon
Plants obtain______ and _____ from the soil.
- water
- nutrients
plants must posses structures above and below ground which include
-Shoots (stems and leaves) and roots
Plants also have ______, a chemical that hardens cell walls which helps keep them erect.
Lignin
________ transports substances between the roots and shoots
Vascular tissue
______ transport water up from the roots.
Xylem
_____ transport food (sugars) down from the shoot.
Phloem
To increase nutrient uptake, many plants have symbiotic associations with bacteria and fungi, such as __________ on their roots. This fungus increases surface area of roots and take up more water.
Mycorrhizae
The phloem and the xylem together are considered to be ___________.
Vascular tissue
Photosynthesis is primarily carried out in the ___________ located in the leaves of a plant.
Mesophyll cell
Leaves allow gas exchange, using ______ (openings) to take in CO2 necessary for the calvin cycle to produce glucose.
Stomata
Plants have protective structures called ___________to produce their gametes.
Gametangia
After fertilization, the _____ develops inside the female plant.
Zygote
Colonization of terrestrial environments by photosynthetic organisms is thought to have occurred ________.
gradually
Molecular evidence indicates ________, a group of green algae, as the closest relative of terrestrial plants.
Charophytes
The _____________ of the plant kingdom shows how successive adaptations allowed plants to become highly successful in diverse terrestrial habitats.
evolutionary history
What are the four major steps in the Evolutionary Botanist?
(1) the origin of plants from the charophytes
(2) the diversification of vascular plants
(3) the origin of the seed
(4) the emergence of anigosperms (flowering plants)
________: non-vascular plants, they grow in low lying mats. Include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
Bryophytes
________: considered to be the 1st vascular plant, however it lacks seeds, and contains spores. Include club mosses and ferns.
Ferns
_________: (conifer) have a “naked seed” because the seed is not protected by maternal tissue. Include conifers, cycads, and ginkos
Gymnsperms
________: flowering plants, flower is a complex productive structure that develops seeds inside protective maternal tissues called ovaries.
Anigosprems
bryophytes, this primitve group includes.
Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
What are the two key adaptations for living on land in bryophytes?
- A waxy protective surface layer helps prevent dehydration
- embryos develop within the mothers gametangium, which kepps them protected
What are the two distant parts of a moss.
gametophytes
sporophyte
A________ produces gametes
Gametophytes
a_______ produces spores
Sporophyte
The life cycle of moss shows that chromosome number change at fertilization this is referred to as ___________.
Alternation of generations
In mosses, the main part of the plant is the _____________.
Haploid gametophye
Fern and club mosses use _____ to reproduce
Spores
Ferns are though to be dominant during the _________, about 290 -360 million years ago, prevalent in swampy forests.
Carboniferous period
There forest formed what would become ________.
fossil fuel
As the climate cooled, _______ were the first seed plants to have evolved
Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms where better suited for __________.
Drier, colder climates
_______ replaced ferns over much of northern Eurasia and North america
Conifers (pine trees which are gymnosperms)
Conifers are usually ______, which retain their leaves throughout the year
evergreen
Conifers and most other gymnosperms have three terrestrial adaptations which are
- the gametophyte is reduced in size and its influence on the overall life cycle
- the evolution of pollen to fertilize an ovule (plant egg)
- the evolution of the seed, which can now make dispersal and the growth of the new organism more efficient
Gametophyte is reduced among more recent derived plants, and ________ generation in dominant.
Sporophyte
The second terrestrial adaptation of seed plants is the evolution of ________.
Pollen
The pollen gain
- is the much-reduced male gametophyte
- fertilizes the female gametophyte
The entire pine tree is actually a ______ containing tiny _______ living in cones
Sporophyte
gametophyte
Pollen ( _________)
Male gametophyte
The third terrestrial adaptation was the development of the _______.
seed
A seed is a fully formed plant _____ with a nutrient starter pack, surrounded by a ___________.
embryo
protective barrier
__________ are the most successful and diverse type of plant.
Anigosprems
Anigosprems have more success because of the more efficient ________ and the innovation of the _______.
water transport
flower
The flower attracts _______.
specific pollinators
Anigosperms dominate the plant kingdom in _______.
diversity
Like, gymnosperms, the dominant stage of the angiosprems in the ___________(2n), and the male ________(n) are pollen
Sporophyte
gametophytes
however, the female gametophyte is protected inside ovaries of the _____________.
sporophyte flower
The ovary develops in the _______, which is high in nutrients (contains lots of sugar)
Fruit
Organisms may eat the fruit to obtain nutrients, and in turns __________________.
disperse seeds without knowing it
Life cycle of a flowering plant.
.mature sporophyte (2n) plant
- Pollen grains are transferred from another of stamen, to the stigma of the carpel
- Pollen contains 2 sperm nulei, and one of these nuclei fertilize the ovule in an ovary
- This produces a zygote (2n)
- The zygote develops into an embryo, and the other sprem nuclei fuses to form endosperm (a nutrient stroing structure the embryo)
- The fertilized ovule develops into a seed, and the ovary develops into a fruit
- Once dispersed, the seed grows into a new flowering plant
A fruit is a _________ that provides a plant with additional benefits
Seed-bearing ovary
Some fruits use ___________.
wind for dispersal
Other fruits attach to ____________.
fur on animals
_______ are at the base of most food chains because they decompose and recycle organic materials.
Fungi
Fungi have enzymes which break up _______.
Cellulose
Fungi are _________
Heterotrophic eukaryotes
most fungi are___________
multicellular but some species are unicellular
The greater the __________, the more efficient they can recycle materials leading to greater productivity
Fungi diversity
Fungi are diverse and categorized into __________.
5 different groups
________: flagellated spores
Chytrids
________: characteristic protective zygosporangium for reproduction
Zygomycetes
____________: forms mycorrhizae (symbiotic relationship with plants)
Glomeromycetes
____________: sac fungi, with asci housing reproductive spores
Ascomycetes
___________: club fungi, with spores in a protective structure called basidium.
Basidiomycota
The visible structures of macroscopic fungi called _______.
hyphae
Septate have cells separated by chitin (polysaccarides) barriers called _______.
sapta
_________ are tube like without septa
Aseptate hyphae
Hyphae can form an interwoven mat called _______, which is the feeding structure of fungus.
Mycelium
Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that are produced either _____________.
Sexually or asexually
Fungi and bacteria are the _____________ in ecosystem.
Principal decomposers
Fungi are commercially important 2 items.
- yeastes are used in baking and to make beer and wine.
- molds are used in cheese productions
Some fungi produce antibiotics as a means of self defense. Penecillium is on example of a fungus which produces the antibiotic __________.
penicillin
Of the 100,000 known species of fungi, about ___ make their living as parasites, primarily feeding on plants
30%
About 50 species of fungi are known to be parasitic in humans and other animals. _________ one common yeast infection among aids patients.
Candia albicans
_______ consist of algae or cyanobacteria within a mass of fungal hyphae.
Lichens
Many lichen associations are _________.
Mutualistic
The fungus recieves food from its _____________.
Photosynthetic partner
The fungal mycelium helps the alga absorb and retain _______and_______.
water
minerals
