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Biology 100 > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

________ are multicellular, autotrophic, terrestrial eukaryotes.

A

Plants

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2
Q

Plants must have important ________ and ________ differences then algae to deal with gravity and water loss.

A

Structural

functional

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3
Q

Plants obtain _____ and ______ from the air.

A
  • Light

- Carbon

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4
Q

Plants obtain______ and _____ from the soil.

A
  • water

- nutrients

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5
Q

plants must posses structures above and below ground which include

A

-Shoots (stems and leaves) and roots

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6
Q

Plants also have ______, a chemical that hardens cell walls which helps keep them erect.

A

Lignin

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7
Q

________ transports substances between the roots and shoots

A

Vascular tissue

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8
Q

______ transport water up from the roots.

A

Xylem

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9
Q

_____ transport food (sugars) down from the shoot.

A

Phloem

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10
Q

To increase nutrient uptake, many plants have symbiotic associations with bacteria and fungi, such as __________ on their roots. This fungus increases surface area of roots and take up more water.

A

Mycorrhizae

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11
Q

The phloem and the xylem together are considered to be ___________.

A

Vascular tissue

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12
Q

Photosynthesis is primarily carried out in the ___________ located in the leaves of a plant.

A

Mesophyll cell

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13
Q

Leaves allow gas exchange, using ______ (openings) to take in CO2 necessary for the calvin cycle to produce glucose.

A

Stomata

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14
Q

Plants have protective structures called ___________to produce their gametes.

A

Gametangia

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15
Q

After fertilization, the _____ develops inside the female plant.

A

Zygote

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16
Q

Colonization of terrestrial environments by photosynthetic organisms is thought to have occurred ________.

A

gradually

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17
Q

Molecular evidence indicates ________, a group of green algae, as the closest relative of terrestrial plants.

A

Charophytes

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18
Q

The _____________ of the plant kingdom shows how successive adaptations allowed plants to become highly successful in diverse terrestrial habitats.

A

evolutionary history

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19
Q

What are the four major steps in the Evolutionary Botanist?

A

(1) the origin of plants from the charophytes
(2) the diversification of vascular plants
(3) the origin of the seed
(4) the emergence of anigosperms (flowering plants)

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20
Q

________: non-vascular plants, they grow in low lying mats. Include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

A

Bryophytes

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21
Q

________: considered to be the 1st vascular plant, however it lacks seeds, and contains spores. Include club mosses and ferns.

A

Ferns

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22
Q

_________: (conifer) have a “naked seed” because the seed is not protected by maternal tissue. Include conifers, cycads, and ginkos

A

Gymnsperms

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23
Q

________: flowering plants, flower is a complex productive structure that develops seeds inside protective maternal tissues called ovaries.

A

Anigosprems

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24
Q

bryophytes, this primitve group includes.

A

Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

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25
Q

What are the two key adaptations for living on land in bryophytes?

A
  • A waxy protective surface layer helps prevent dehydration

- embryos develop within the mothers gametangium, which kepps them protected

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26
Q

What are the two distant parts of a moss.

A

gametophytes

sporophyte

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27
Q

A________ produces gametes

A

Gametophytes

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28
Q

a_______ produces spores

A

Sporophyte

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29
Q

The life cycle of moss shows that chromosome number change at fertilization this is referred to as ___________.

A

Alternation of generations

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30
Q

In mosses, the main part of the plant is the _____________.

A

Haploid gametophye

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31
Q

Fern and club mosses use _____ to reproduce

A

Spores

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32
Q

Ferns are though to be dominant during the _________, about 290 -360 million years ago, prevalent in swampy forests.

A

Carboniferous period

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33
Q

There forest formed what would become ________.

A

fossil fuel

34
Q

As the climate cooled, _______ were the first seed plants to have evolved

A

Gymnosperms

35
Q

Gymnosperms where better suited for __________.

A

Drier, colder climates

36
Q

_______ replaced ferns over much of northern Eurasia and North america

A

Conifers (pine trees which are gymnosperms)

37
Q

Conifers are usually ______, which retain their leaves throughout the year

A

evergreen

38
Q

Conifers and most other gymnosperms have three terrestrial adaptations which are

A
  • the gametophyte is reduced in size and its influence on the overall life cycle
  • the evolution of pollen to fertilize an ovule (plant egg)
  • the evolution of the seed, which can now make dispersal and the growth of the new organism more efficient
39
Q

Gametophyte is reduced among more recent derived plants, and ________ generation in dominant.

A

Sporophyte

40
Q

The second terrestrial adaptation of seed plants is the evolution of ________.

A

Pollen

41
Q

The pollen gain

A
  • is the much-reduced male gametophyte

- fertilizes the female gametophyte

42
Q

The entire pine tree is actually a ______ containing tiny _______ living in cones

A

Sporophyte

gametophyte

43
Q

Pollen ( _________)

A

Male gametophyte

44
Q

The third terrestrial adaptation was the development of the _______.

A

seed

45
Q

A seed is a fully formed plant _____ with a nutrient starter pack, surrounded by a ___________.

A

embryo

protective barrier

46
Q

__________ are the most successful and diverse type of plant.

A

Anigosprems

47
Q

Anigosprems have more success because of the more efficient ________ and the innovation of the _______.

A

water transport

flower

48
Q

The flower attracts _______.

A

specific pollinators

49
Q

Anigosperms dominate the plant kingdom in _______.

A

diversity

50
Q

Like, gymnosperms, the dominant stage of the angiosprems in the ___________(2n), and the male ________(n) are pollen

A

Sporophyte

gametophytes

51
Q

however, the female gametophyte is protected inside ovaries of the _____________.

A

sporophyte flower

52
Q

The ovary develops in the _______, which is high in nutrients (contains lots of sugar)

A

Fruit

53
Q

Organisms may eat the fruit to obtain nutrients, and in turns __________________.

A

disperse seeds without knowing it

54
Q

Life cycle of a flowering plant.

A

.mature sporophyte (2n) plant

  • Pollen grains are transferred from another of stamen, to the stigma of the carpel
  • Pollen contains 2 sperm nulei, and one of these nuclei fertilize the ovule in an ovary
  • This produces a zygote (2n)
  • The zygote develops into an embryo, and the other sprem nuclei fuses to form endosperm (a nutrient stroing structure the embryo)
  • The fertilized ovule develops into a seed, and the ovary develops into a fruit
  • Once dispersed, the seed grows into a new flowering plant
55
Q

A fruit is a _________ that provides a plant with additional benefits

A

Seed-bearing ovary

56
Q

Some fruits use ___________.

A

wind for dispersal

57
Q

Other fruits attach to ____________.

A

fur on animals

58
Q

_______ are at the base of most food chains because they decompose and recycle organic materials.

A

Fungi

59
Q

Fungi have enzymes which break up _______.

A

Cellulose

60
Q

Fungi are _________

A

Heterotrophic eukaryotes

61
Q

most fungi are___________

A

multicellular but some species are unicellular

62
Q

The greater the __________, the more efficient they can recycle materials leading to greater productivity

A

Fungi diversity

63
Q

Fungi are diverse and categorized into __________.

A

5 different groups

64
Q

________: flagellated spores

A

Chytrids

65
Q

________: characteristic protective zygosporangium for reproduction

A

Zygomycetes

66
Q

____________: forms mycorrhizae (symbiotic relationship with plants)

A

Glomeromycetes

67
Q

____________: sac fungi, with asci housing reproductive spores

A

Ascomycetes

68
Q

___________: club fungi, with spores in a protective structure called basidium.

A

Basidiomycota

69
Q

The visible structures of macroscopic fungi called _______.

A

hyphae

70
Q

Septate have cells separated by chitin (polysaccarides) barriers called _______.

A

sapta

71
Q

_________ are tube like without septa

A

Aseptate hyphae

72
Q

Hyphae can form an interwoven mat called _______, which is the feeding structure of fungus.

A

Mycelium

73
Q

Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that are produced either _____________.

A

Sexually or asexually

74
Q

Fungi and bacteria are the _____________ in ecosystem.

A

Principal decomposers

75
Q

Fungi are commercially important 2 items.

A
  • yeastes are used in baking and to make beer and wine.

- molds are used in cheese productions

76
Q

Some fungi produce antibiotics as a means of self defense. Penecillium is on example of a fungus which produces the antibiotic __________.

A

penicillin

77
Q

Of the 100,000 known species of fungi, about ___ make their living as parasites, primarily feeding on plants

A

30%

78
Q

About 50 species of fungi are known to be parasitic in humans and other animals. _________ one common yeast infection among aids patients.

A

Candia albicans

79
Q

_______ consist of algae or cyanobacteria within a mass of fungal hyphae.

A

Lichens

80
Q

Many lichen associations are _________.

A

Mutualistic

81
Q

The fungus recieves food from its _____________.

A

Photosynthetic partner

82
Q

The fungal mycelium helps the alga absorb and retain _______and_______.

A

water

minerals

Biology 100 (19 decks)

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