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Biology 100 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who influential book entitled On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.

A

Charlies Darwin

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2
Q

Over generations, individuals with the best functioning traits are consistently selected, _________________ are produced.

A

Evolutionary adaptation

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3
Q

Darwin predicted _____________ to have existed between species.

A

Numerous intermediate

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4
Q

Darwin was aboard the HMS beagle he collected numerous specimens by doing this he found that.

A

many of the Galapagos species resembled those in South America, but showed some variation

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5
Q

Darwin was strongly influenced by the writing of geologist ____________, who promoted the idea of an ancient Earth.

A

Charles Lyell

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6
Q

Darwin became convinced that the Earth was very old, had been shaped by ____ _______, and continues to change even today.

A

Slow processes

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7
Q

All organisms inhabiting Earth today are derived from ______________that may have looked differently

A

Ancestral species

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8
Q

All organisms inhabiting Earth today are derived from ancestral species that may have looked differently, by the mechanism by which this is accomplished is _______________.

A

Natural selection

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9
Q

As organisms reproduce, they can have a variety of offspring. Those offspring best fit for their environment are most fit to _________ and _______.

A

Survive

Reproduce

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10
Q

What are some evidences commonly used to support evolution.

A
  • Fossils
  • Biogeography
  • comparative anatomy and embryology
  • Molecular biology
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11
Q

What are fossils?

A

Fossils are remnants of organisms that lived in the past that have been turned to stone

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12
Q

What can fossils include?

A
  • Plants
  • animals
  • impressions
  • bones
  • soft tissues.
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13
Q

What type of rock is most likely to find fossilization?

A

Sedimentary rock

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14
Q

What can fossil be often used for?

A

To compare anatomy with extinct organisms with extant ones

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15
Q

what is interpreted as chronology of fossils embedded in rock layers of different ages.

A

the fossil record

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16
Q

Fossil records are used to show that organism appeared in a ________________.

A

Historical sequence

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17
Q

Older more primitive organisms at the ______.. and ____ more advanced organisms at the top.

A

Bottom

New

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18
Q

___________ is the study of the geographic distribution of species.

A

Biogeography

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19
Q

____________ then explains that organisms must have characteristics to live in a particular environment

A

Natural selection

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20
Q

_____________ is the comparison of body structure between different species

A

Comparative anatomy

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21
Q

_________ is the similarity of structure due to common ancestry.

A

homology

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22
Q

___________ became modified to under a new function

A

Ancestral structures

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23
Q

__________ is the similarity of structures based on function, but does not share common ancestry.

A

Analogy

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24
Q

Forelimbs of mammals are constructed from the same skeletal element, because they are interpreted as sharing a common ancestor they are considered __________

A

Homologous

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25
Q

________________ is the comparison of structures that appear similar during the development of different organisms.

A

Comparative embryology

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26
Q

During early embrology, some vertebrates look similar, implying they have very similar features, which may indicate ______________.

A

Common ancestry

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27
Q

Molecular biology of organisms is also used to show _____________ among species.

A

Evolutionary relationships

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28
Q

___________ can be used to determine how distantly (or closely) organisms are related.

A

DNA squences

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29
Q

The more similar one’s DNA is to an organism, the more likely that they are _________.

A

Closely related

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30
Q

The less similar one’s DNA is to an organism, they are more likely _______________.

A

Distantly related.

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31
Q

The similarity between human and chimpanzee DNA is _______.

A

~98%

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32
Q

Chimpanzees and humans have the most _____________ of humans with any species.

A

Similar genetic match

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33
Q

Darwins Galapagos finches are an example of _________ as a result of __________.

A

Adaptive evolution

Natural selection

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34
Q

Evolutionary biologist indicated that any close evolutionary relationship to humans is due to

A

similar genetics

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35
Q

All the individuals in a population have ___________________.

A

slightly different characteristics

for example Lady bugs

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36
Q

Much of this variation is _______, and passed down from generation to generation.

A

Heritable

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37
Q

Individuals with less reproductive success die, therefor they do ______________.

A

Not reproduce

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38
Q

Only those individuals with traits best suited for their environment are more likely to survive, and _________________________________.

A

reproduce, leaving a greater number of offsprings

39
Q

What are some examples of natural selections.

A
  • Pesticide resistance in insects

- Development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

40
Q

Insects with a resistance to pesticides, will be the ones ___________________________.

A

more likely to survive and reproduce

41
Q

Consistent use of antibiotics can select for antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria that are ___________.

A

difficult to treat

42
Q

A ________ is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time.

A

Population

43
Q

Because variance amongst individuals must be present to select from, populations _________________.

A

are the smallest biological unit that can evolve.

44
Q

Population geneticists investigate the fate of populations as _____________.

A

evolutionary units

45
Q

When tracking the genetic makeup of a populations over time this allows us to do what?

A

allows us to determine whether a population is evolving and how fast it is changing

46
Q

Although there is a lot of variation among individuals of a population differences in _________________.

A

Genetic components

47
Q

Mutations are random ___________ of an organism

A

Changes in the DNA

48
Q

Most mutations are deleterious, but sometimes they are considered to be _______.

A

beneficial

49
Q

Sexual recombination shuffles and distributes genetic material during ______ divisions

A

Meiotic

50
Q

DNA containing these mutations can then be passed from a ____ to an _____.

A

Parent

Offspring

51
Q

The gene pool includes all versions of all _____ in all individuals making up a population.

A

Genes

52
Q

The gene pool is the collective _____ of the population.

A

Genomes

53
Q

The dominant allele in the population is symbolized by the letter

A

p

54
Q

The recessive allele in the population is symbolized by the letter

A

q

55
Q

Together the dominant allele and the recessive allele can be symbolized as

A

p+q=1

56
Q

p^2

A

Homozygous dominant

57
Q

2qp

A

Heterozygous

58
Q

q^2

A

homozygous recessive

59
Q

How is the Hardy Weinburg expressed?

A

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

60
Q

What does the Hardy-Weinburg equation represent?

A

is a mathematical representation of a gene pool

61
Q

The Hardy-Weinburg equation adds up all of ______ in population and is used to determine expected _______ of the next generation.

A

Genotypes

Phenotypes

62
Q

If the Hardy-Weinberg equation is in equilibruim, this describes a __-___ population that is in genetic stasis (not changing over time)

A

Non-evolving

63
Q

When the hardy-weinberg equation is not in equilibrium, the allele frequencies continually change over time, and the population is undergoing small scale evolution called _____________.

A

microevolution

64
Q

P=

A

Sum of total alleles for a given gene in the population

65
Q

q=

A

Sum of total alleles for a given gene in the population

66
Q

If a locus has two alleles, W and w there could be three possible genotypes:

A

WW, Ww, and ww.

67
Q

The frequency of all three genotypes must be __ or ___

A

100% or 1.0

68
Q

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 =

A

100% or 1.0

69
Q

Homozygous dominant (p^2) + heterzygous (2pq) + homozygous recessive (q^2)

A

=100%

70
Q

_______ is measured by changes in allele frequency in a population.

A

Microevolution

71
Q

Mechanisms of microevolution include

A

Genetic drift
gene flow
mutations
natural selection

72
Q

__________ is a change in the gene pool of a small population due to chance.

A

Genetic drift

73
Q

The bottleneck effect is an example of ______.

A

genetic drift

74
Q

The bottle neck effect results from a drastic reduction in population size and therefore a reduction in the genetic variation because this limits the __________ to select from

A

Possible genes

75
Q

The_______ Is genetic drift in a new colony

A

Founder effect

76
Q

The founder effect explains why certain unusual alleles (such as genetic disorders among humans) are expressed more frequently in populations founded by only____ indiviuals than in the original, ____ population

A

Few

large

77
Q

When population regularly or irregularly exchange genetic material, this is called_______.

A

gene flow

78
Q

The ____ of genetic material from other populations will reduce the genetic differences between population.

A

Influx

79
Q

________ are permanent changes in an organisms genome.

A

mutations

80
Q

A single mutation in a single organism ordinarily will not have an impact on a large population since most ______________.

A

Mutations are lethal

81
Q

A mutation that is beneficial during periods of environmental stress, however can make the difference between _____ and _____.

A

Survival

death

82
Q

_________ is the contribution an individual make to the gene pool of the next generation relative to contribution of others with that population.

A

Relative fitness

83
Q

The number of offspring is away to determine ______.

A

fitness

84
Q

zero offspring =

A

zero fitness

85
Q

During ______ the phenotype of a population is shifted.

A

Directional selection

86
Q

Directional selection favors a more _______ phenotype, shifting alleles in a population.

A

Extreme

87
Q

During ___________ both extremes of phenotype are favored.

A

Disruptive selection

88
Q

In disruptive selection the intermediate phenotype is not advantageous and its frequency becomes _________.

A

Reduced

89
Q

During ________ the variation of a particular trait becomes limited

A

Stabilizing selection

90
Q

In stabilizing selection the extreme trait values are not beneficial then the mean value is selected for.

A

,

91
Q

what is sexual selection?

A
  • is a form of natural selection

- in which individuals with certain characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates

92
Q

In many animals species, males and females show distinctly different appearances called _______________.

A

sexual dimorphism

93
Q

___________ (within the same sex) involves competition for mates, usually by males.

A

Intrasexual selection

Biology 100 (19 decks)

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