Chapter 18 Flashcards
Animals are:
- Eukaryotic
- Multicellular
Heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by ________.
Ingestion
Able to ______, then _____ their food within their bodies.
ingest
digest
Animals cells lack the _______ that provide strong supposrt in the bodies of plants and fungi.
Cell walls
Most animals are diploid, having ______ eggs and sperm.
Haploid
They produce sexually, then go through many _______________.
developmental stages
What are the developmental stages?
Sperm and eggs
|
Zygote
|
Blastula
|
Grastrula
(3 layers)Animals are considered to have evolved from ________________.
colonial flagellated protists
Multiple protist cells are thought to gradually become more specialized, developing _____________.
Distinct layers
Major phyla of Animals are present in old Cambrian rock, exhibiting tremendous animal diversity, this is known as the _________, because life suddenly appeared or “exploded” as different forms.
Cambrian explosion
Many of the strange creatures seen in _______ fossil beds are now extinct, but some life forms still exist today.
Cambrian
To build a phylogeny of all animals, scientists compare a variety of data sets, including comparative anatomy, ___________, and _________ biology.
Embryology
molecular
Four key characteristics of animal development
1) the development of ________ (endoderm mesoderm and ectoderm
True tissue
Four key characteristics of animal development
(2) The developmetn of ____________.
complex body symmetry
Four key characteristics of animal development
(3) The development of a ________ led to complex internal anatomy and physiology.
True body cavity
Four key characteristics of animal development
(4)Among the more complex coelomeat animals we can distinguish two main types coelom formation based on their _________.
embryonic development
(3) A body cavity is a _______ compartment that separates the outer body from the digestive tract.
Fluid-filled
(3) This cavity may be ________ partially present as a ___________ or complete as a ____________.
Acoelmate
Pseudocoelom
True coleom
(4) In _______ such as vertebrates and sea stars.
Deuterostomes
(4) In deuterostromes ,the first embryonic infolding becomes the ______and the coelom develops from the gut.
Anus
In _________ the first embryonic infolding becomes the mouth and the coelom develops from cell masses.
Protostomes
Sponges _____ have true tissues, so they are thought to be a primitive animal.
do not
Sponges are _____(attached to a substrate) and lack true tissues.
Sessile
Sponges have several autonomous cell types, such as ___________ and __________.
Amoebocytes
Choanocytes
Many sponges exhibit ________, meaning that their parts are arranged around a central axis.
Radial symmetry
Phylum Porifera—-
sponges
Flagellated ________, filter food from the water passing through the porous body.
Choanocytes
It is thought that Flagellated choanocytes arose from multicellular ____________ which still exist today.
Choanoflagellates
Once food is captured, _________ distributes food to other cells
Amoebocytes
Cnidarians are the simplest animals with __________.
true tissues
Cnidarians exist in either of two radial symmetrical forms which are
Jellyfish and sea anemones
Cnidarians also include sessile polyps such as
Hydra, corals, sea anemones
Cnidarians include free floating ________.
Medusas (jellyfish)
_____________: incomplete digestive system, the food enters, and wastes exits through the same opening
Gastrovascular cavity
Some Cnidarians have _______, which are unique stinging cells that capture prey and aid in defense.
Cnidocytes
______ are represented by soft-bodies animals usually protected by a hard shell.
Molluscs
Molluscs include
Gastropods, Bivalves, and Cephalopods
Many molluscs fee by using a file-like organ called a ______ to scrape up food
Radula
What are the three main parts of a mollusc?
A muscular foot used for movement
A visceral mass housing most of the internal organs
A mantle, which secretes the shell if present
________ are the largest group of molluscs and include the snail and slug.
Gastropods
Gastropods are
- found in fresh water, salt water, and terrestrial environments.
- the only molluscs that live on land, using the mantal as a lung
- often protected by a single, spiral shell
Many gastropods are slugs that lack the mantle and shell and have long colorful projections that function as ____.
gills
______: include clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops
Bivalves
Bivalves have
shells divided into two halves that are hinged together
Most bivalves are sedentary suspension feeders attached to the substrate by strong _______.
threads
___________: include squids , octopuses, and nautiluses
Cephalopods
are fast, agile predators
Cephalopods
Have larger brains and sophisticated sense organs, including complex image-focusing eyes
cephalopods
This type of Phylum Molluscs had a shell that is large in a nautilus, small and internal in a squid, or missing in an octopus
Cephalopods
____________ are the simplest bilateral animal.
Flatworms
Flatworms ________ have a cell, nor a complete digestive tract, food and water goes out of only 1 opening.
do not
Most flatworms are free-living forms called ______________.
planarians
flatworms are part of which Phylum group
Platyhelminthes
Some flatworms are parasitic these include…
tapeworm and liver fluke
Human tapeworm can reach a length of __________.
60 feet
Annelids are worms whose bodies are elongated by __________________________.
repetitive body segments
What are the three types of annelids?
oligochaetes, polychaetes, and leeches.
_____________ are earthworms, which eat their way through soil.
Oligochaetes
______________ are free-swimming or burrowing marine worms.
polychaetes
____________ are blood-sucking parasites.
leeches
Roundworms exhibit a digestive tract, having two openings, a _________ and an ________. a complete digestive tract can process food and absorbs nutrients more efficiently.
mouth, anus
a roundworms is part of which Phylum group?
Nematoda
Arthropods have specialized segments and an exoskeleton made of _______.
chitin
What are the four main groups of arthropods?
Arachnids, crustaceans, millipedes, and centipedes.
_____________ include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites. which are part of the Arthropod.
Arachnids
__________________ are crabs, lobster, crayfish, shrimps, and barnacles part of Arthropods
Crustaceans
_________two pairs of legs per segments and _________ one pair of legs per segment. part of arthropod
millipedes, centipedes
_________ are the most diverse of any type of animal. 70% of all identified animals species are insects.
insects
There may be as many as ____________ insect species.
30 million
The body of an insect typically includes
a head, thorax, abdomen, three sets of legs, wings ( with few expections)
most adult insects have ___________ bodys.
three-part
most insects undergo ____________________ where larva specialize in growth and development, then the non feeding pupa rebuilds it’s body, then is finally transformed into an adult insect.
complete metamorphosis
metamorphosis prevents
competition of juveniles with adults
other insects undergo _________________ in which the transition from larva to adult is achieved through multiple bolts without forming a pupa.
incomplete metamorphosis
____________________________: many insects have protective color patterns and disguises, including modification to antennae, wings, and bodies.
protective color patters
The Phylum Echinodermata includes
sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers.
In the Phylum Echinodermata these marina animals are characterized by their __________. they usually have an endoskeleton, and exhibit radial symmetry.
spiny skin
Unique to echinoderms is their ___________________ which facilitates gas exchange, waste disposal and allows the use of suction-cup-like tube feet for locomotion.
water vascular system
Phylum Chordats can be further classified into 3 subphylum.
Vertebrates , lancelets, and tunicates.
There are four defining characteristics of organisms in Phylum Chordata
-Dorsal hollow nerve cord (spinal cord), Notochord (a support for fins or limbs), pharyngeal hill slit and post-anal tail (sometimes reduced)
