Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Biology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where is DNA present?

A

cell nucleus and in condensed chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when does DNA double?

A

during S phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what elements does DNA contain?

A

C, H, O, N, and P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

transformation

A

addition of DNA from one strand of bacterium could genetically transform another strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

bacteriophage

A

viruses that infect bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

transgenic

A

fertilised egg can develop into a new multicellular organism through mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the structure of DNA?

A

helical with antiparallel strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

base pairs

A

A-T

C-G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

purines

A

A and G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pyrimidines

A

T and C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what holds together the DNA chains?

A

hydrogen bonding between bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the orientation of the DNA double helix?

A

right handed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Z-DNA

A

unstable DNA that forms a left handed helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

storage of genetic information

A

DNA can encode and store a lot of information in its nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

precise replication during the cell division cycle

A

replication can be accomplished by complementary base pairing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

susceptibility to mutations

A

DNA structure allows for potential stable changes in genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

expression of the coded information as phenotypes

A

varied enzymes and proteins encoded by DNA determine phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

semiconservative replication

A

each strand of parental DNA acts as a template for a new strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the steps for DNA replication?

A

DNA double helix is unwound, and then nucleotides form complementary base pairs with template DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what direction does replication read the DNA in?

A

3’-5’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

in what direction is the new strand of DNA generated?

A

5’-3’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

dNTPs

A

raw materials for DNA synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

DNA polymerase

A

catalyses the addition of nucleotides

24
Q

origin of replication

A

where the pre-replication complex binds

25
Q

replication forks

A

the different directions of DNA replication

26
Q

DNA helicase

A

catalyses the opening of each fork

27
Q

primer

A

a short starter strand for new nucleotides to link to

28
Q

primase

A

an enzyme that synthesises nucleotides one at a time

29
Q

leading strand

A

newly synthesised growing strand

30
Q

lagging strand

A

grows in the direction away from the replication fork

31
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

stretches of new DNA that are relatively short and discontinuous

32
Q

DNA ligase

A

catalyses the formation of the bond between adjacent Okazaki fragments

33
Q

what does it mean for DNA polymerase to be processive?

A

catalyses many sequential polymerisation reactions each time it binds to a DNA molecule

34
Q

telomeres

A

repetitive sequences at the ends of the chromosomes to prevent chromosomes from joining

35
Q

what is the telomere sequence in humans?

A

TTAGGG

36
Q

telomerase

A

catalyses the addition of any lost telomeric sequences

37
Q

proofreading

A

occurs right after DNA polymerase inserts a nucleotide, removes the improperly introduced nucleotide and tries again

38
Q

mismatch repair

A

occurs after DNA has been replicated, removes portion of DNA containing the incorrect nucleotide and inserts the correct sequence

39
Q

polymerase chain reaction

A

allows researchers to make multiple copies of short DNA sequences

40
Q

somatic mutation

A

occur in somatic cells and are passed on to daughter cells during mitosis

41
Q

germline mutations

A

occur in the germ line, affects gametes

42
Q

silent mutations

A

do not affect gene function

43
Q

loss-of-function mutations

A

result in either the loss of expression of a gene or in the production of a nonfunctional protein or RNA

44
Q

gain-of-function mutations

A

lead to a protein with an altered function that usually shows dominant inheritance

45
Q

conditional mutations

A

cause phenotypes only under certain restrictive conditions

46
Q

point mutation

A

addition or subtraction of a single nucleotide base, or the substitution of one base for another

47
Q

mutagens

A

substances that cause mutations such as radiation or certain chemicals

48
Q

chromosomal mutations

A

whole chromosomes can break and rejoin, disrupting the gene sequence

49
Q

deletions

A

removal of part of the genetic material

50
Q

duplications

A

homologous chromosomes broke at different positions and then reconnected to the wrong partners

51
Q

inversions

A

segment of DNA may be removed and reinserted into the same location, but flipped over

52
Q

translocations

A

segments of chromosomes break off and become joined to different chromosomes

53
Q

spontaneous mutations

A

permanent changes int he genetic material that occur without may outside influence

54
Q

induced mutations

A

some agent from outside the cell causes a permanent change in the DNA sequence

55
Q

where do mutations occur most often?

A

where cytosine has been methylated to 5-methylcytosine

56
Q

benefits of mutations

A

provides genetic diversity that makes natural selection possible

57
Q

costs of mutations

A

may result in loss of function of genes or DNA sequences needed for survival

AP Biology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions