Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Biology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

transcription factors

A

regulatory proteins that control whether or not a gene is active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

repressor

A

binds to a specific site to prevent transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

activator

A

stimulates transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how do prokaryotes conserve energy and resources

A

make certain proteins only when they are needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

beta-galactoside permease

A

carrier protein in the bacterial cell membrane that moves the sugar into the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

beta-galactosidase

A

an enzyme that hydrolyses actose to glucose and galaactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

beta-galactoside transacetylase

A

transfers acetyl groups from acetyl CoA to certain beta-galactosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

inducers

A

stimulate the transcription of specific genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

inducible genes

A

genes that can be activated by inducers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

constitutive genes

A

genes expressed most of the time at a constant rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

operon

A

a cluster of genes with a single promoter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

operator

A

repressor-binding site that can bind very tightly wiht a repressor protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

inducible operon

A

turned off unless needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

repressible operon

A

turned on unless needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

regulatory gene

A

any gene that encodes a regulatory protein (a transcription factor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

structural gene

A

any gene that encodes a protein not directly involved in gene regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

corepressor

A

a molecule that binds to the repressor, causing it to change shape and bind to the operator, thereby inhibiting transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what type of pathways do inducible systems generally control?

A

catabolic pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what type of pathways do repressible systems generally control?

A

anabolic pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

sigma factors

A

proteins in prokaryotes that can bind to RNA polymerase and direct the polymerase to specific promoters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

virus

A

injects genetic material into a host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

lytic

A

viral genome takes over host cell, host cell begins to produces new viral particles, cell breaks open and releases these virions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

lysogenic

A

dormant phase, where viral genome is incorporated into the host cell genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens in the early stage of the lytic cycle?

A

viral genes near the promoter are transcribed, and encode proteins that shut down expression of host genes

25
Q

what happens in the late stage of the lytic cycle?

A

viral late genes are transcribed to encode enzymes that will lyse the host cell and release the new virions

26
Q

constitutive genes

A

expressed most of the time

27
Q

inducible genes

A

expressed only when needed

28
Q

TATA box

A

a core promoter that is rich in A-T base pairs

29
Q

general transcription factors

A

bind to most promoters and allow RNA polymerase II to transcribe the protein-coding genes

30
Q

how is transcription initiated?

A

by a combination of factors

31
Q

NFATs

A

nuclear factors of activated T cells that control the expression of genes essential for the immune response

32
Q

how are DNA-protein interactions determined?

A

base sequence of a binding site on DNA

33
Q

what are the two ways for prokaryotes to coordinate the regulation of several genes?

A

arranging them in an operon, or using sigma factors

34
Q

how can the expression of genes be coordinated?

A

if they share regulatory sequences that bind the same transcription factors

35
Q

what are some life cycle strategies of viruses?

A

efficient, faster life cycles than the host cell and can thus release more new virions

36
Q

HIV

A

infective agent that causes AIDS in humans

37
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

makes a DNA strand complementary to the RNA, and degrades the RNA

38
Q

provirus

A

integrated viral DNA

39
Q

Tat

A

protein that binds to the 5’ end of viral RNA, increasing the production of full length viral RNA

40
Q

epigenetic changes

A

alterations in either DNA or chromosomal proteins that can then be passed on to daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis

41
Q

chromatin remodeling

A

alteration of chromatin structure

42
Q

histone proteins

A

positively charged proteins around which DNA is wound

43
Q

histone acetyltransferases

A

add acetyl groups to positively charged amino acids and neutralise them

44
Q

histone deacetylases

A

remove the acetyl groups from histones and repress transcription

45
Q

histone methylation

A

can contribute to activation or repression of gene expression

46
Q

DNA methyltransferase

A

catalyses the covalent addition of a methyl group to the cytosines in DNA

47
Q

CpG islands

A

transcriptionally active promoters containing regions of DNA rich in CpG

48
Q

maintenance methyltransferase

A

catalyses the formation of 5-methylcytosine in the new DNA strands

49
Q

demethylase

A

enzyme that catalyses the removal of the methyl group

50
Q

euchromatin

A

contains the DNA that is transcribed into mRNA

51
Q

heterochromatin

A

contains genes that are generally not transcribed

52
Q

what is an important factor in epigenetic modifications?

A

environment

53
Q

genomic imprinting

A

offspring would inherit a maternal gene that is transcriptionally inactive and a paternal gene that is transcriptionally active

54
Q

alternative splicing

A

generates a family of different proteins with different activities and functions from a single gene

55
Q

miRNA

A

noncoding regions are transcribed into these tiny RNA molecules, can silence genes

56
Q

how an the translation of mRNA be regulated?

A

inhibition of translation with miRNAs, modification of the 5’ cap, translational repressor proteins

57
Q

ubiquitin

A

76-amino acid protein that gets attached to a lysine residue

58
Q

proteasome

A

a huge protein complex

59
Q

how are cyclins broken down at just the right time

A

by proteasomes

AP Biology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions