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AP Biology > Chapter 34 > Flashcards

Chapter 34 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what type of cell is a neuron?

A

excitable

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2
Q

excitable cell

A

cell membrane can generate and conduct signals called impulses or action potentials

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3
Q

action potential

A

state of reversed polarity

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4
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell, specially adapted to generate electric signals

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5
Q

synapse

A

cell-to-cell contact point that is specialised for signal transmission from one cell to another

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6
Q

presynaptic cell

A

how the cell arrives at the synapse

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7
Q

postsynaptic cell

A

how the cell leaves from the synapse

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8
Q

what are the anatomical regions of most neurons?

A

dendrites, cell body, axon, presynaptic axon terminals

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9
Q

dendrites

A

principle sites where incoming signals arrive from other cells

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10
Q

cell body

A

contains nucleus and other organelles, has to combine and integrate incoming signals

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11
Q

axon

A

anatomically specialised for long-distance signal conduction

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12
Q

presynaptic axon terminal

A

where the axon ends and branches, makes synaptic contact with other cells

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13
Q

nerves

A

bundles of neurons

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14
Q

tract

A

bundle of axons in the brain or spinal cord

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15
Q

glial cells

A

not excitable and do not conduct action potentials, but are still important in the nervous system

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16
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

glial cells that wrap around axons in the brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

Schwann cells

A

glial cells outside the brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

myelin

A

lipid-rich electrically non-conductive sheath

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19
Q

white matter

A

part of the nervous system that consists of myelinated axons

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20
Q

current

A

flow of electric charges from place to place

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21
Q

voltage

A

electric potential difference, exists if positive charges are concentrated in one place and negative charges are concentrated in a different place

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22
Q

bulk solutions

A

solutions that are not immediately in contact with a membrane

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23
Q

membrane potential

A

voltage that exists across a membrane, has a charge difference from one side to the other

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24
Q

resting potential

A

membrane potential in a neuron that is not carrying a signal, typically between -60 and -70 mV

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25
Q

why can charge differences exist across a neuron cell membrane?

A

because ions cannot pass through the membrane lipid bilayer

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26
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

actively transports ions by using one ATP to expel 3 Na+ ions from inside the neuron and to pump two K+ ions into the neuron from the outside

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27
Q

equilibrium potential

A

when there is no further net movement of K+ in a resting neuron

28
Q

electrochemical equilibrium

A

a state in which the electrical effect causes diffusion in one direction and the concentration effect causes diffusion of equal magnitude in the opposite direction

29
Q

Nernst equation

A 
potential difference at electrochemical equilibrium = 2.3*(RT/zF)*log([ion outside]/[ion inside])
z = number of charges per ion
T = absolute temperature
R = universal gas constant
F = Faraday constant
30
Q

voltage gated channels

A

open or close in response to local changes in the membrane potential

31
Q

stretch gated channels

A

open or close in response to stretch or tension applied to the cell membrane

32
Q

ligand gated channels

A

have binding sites where they bind noncovalently with specific chemical compounds that control them

33
Q

depolarisation

A

occurs whenever the charge on the inside of a neuron cell membrane becomes less negative

34
Q

hyperpolarisation

A

occurs whenever the charge on the inside of a neuron cell membrane becomes more negative

35
Q

grade

A

charges where any value of the potential is possible

36
Q

action potential

A

large, brief, localised charge in the membrane potential such that the polarity reverses

37
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

uncovered spaces in between the axons

38
Q

chemical synapses

A

signals pass from cell to cell by means of molecules released by the presynaptic cell

39
Q

neurotransmitter

A

compound released by the cell when an action potential arrives

40
Q

electrical synapse

A

signal transmission is all electrical, no neurotransmitter is involved

41
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell

42
Q

what are the three major chemical categories of neurotransmitters?

A

amino acids, biogenic amines, peptides

43
Q

ionotrophic receptors

A

ligand gated ion channels in the vertebrate neuromuscular junction

44
Q

metabotropic receptors

A

commonly G protein-linked receptors

45
Q

excitatory synapses

A

synapses that depolarise the postsynaptic membrane

46
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potentials

A

graded membrane depolarisations produced by excitatory synapses

47
Q

inhibitory synapses

A

shift the membrane potential away from the threshold and thus lower the likelihood of action potential production

48
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

A

graded membrane hyperpolarisations produced by inhibitory synapses

49
Q

synaptic plasticity

A

synapses in the nervous system can undergo long-term changes in their functional properties and even physical shape

50
Q

centralisation

A

evolutionary trend towards clustering neurons together

51
Q

cephalisation

A

major integrating areas became concentrated toward the head

52
Q

central nervous system

A

contains relatively large structures that are composed of integrating neurons and glial cells

53
Q

brain

A

largest part of CNS, contains the greatest number of neurons

54
Q

effectors

A

cells or tissues that perform actions and carry o ut orders

55
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

consists of neurons and parts of neurons that are located outside the CNS

56
Q

what are the main functions of neurons in the CNS

A

bring sensory information to the CNS and carry orders from CNS to muscle cells or other effectors

57
Q

interneurons

A

neurons confined to the CNS, information storage functions

58
Q

sensory neurons

A

carry signals to the CNS from sensory cells or organs

59
Q

efferent neurons

A

convey signals from the CNS to muscles or other effectors

60
Q

motor neurons

A

efferent neurons that carry signals to skeletal muscles

61
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls effectors other than the skeletal muscles

62
Q

enteric division

A

division of the ANS composed of nerve cells internal to the gut wall

63
Q

ganglion

A

discrete, anatomically clustered set of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

64
Q

spinal reflexes

A

neuron-mediated responses that do not involve participation of the brain

65
Q

medulla oblongata

A

all information travelling between the brain and spinal cord must pass through here

66
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

play major roles in sensory perception, learning, memory, and conscious behaviour

67
Q

location specificity

A

various specific regions are specialised to carry out specific sensory and motor functions

AP Biology (19 decks)

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