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AP Biology > Chapter 39 > Flashcards

Chapter 39 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

pathogens

A

harmful organisms and viruses that can cause disease

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2
Q

what are the three phases of defence responses?

A

recognition, activation, effector

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3
Q

recognition phase

A

the organism must be able to recognise pathogens and discriminate between self and nonself

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4
Q

activation phase

A

the recognition event leads to a mobilisation of cell sand molecules to fight the invader

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5
Q

effector phase

A

the mobilised cells and molecules destroy the invader

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6
Q

what are the two general types of defence mechanisms?

A

innate, adaptive

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7
Q

innate defenses

A

nonspecific, inherited mechanisms that provide the first line of defense against pathogens

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8
Q

what are some examples of innate defences?

A

physical barriers such as skin, molecules toxic to invaders, phagocytic cells that ingest invaders

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9
Q

adaptive defenses

A

aimed at specific pathogens, activated the innate immune system

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10
Q

what are some examples of adaptive defences?

A

make antibodies to aid in the destruction of pathogens

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11
Q

antibodies

A

proteins that will recognise, bind to, and aid in the destruction of specific pathogens

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12
Q

immunity

A

occurs when an organism has sufficient defences to successfully avoid biological invasion by a pathogen

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13
Q

what is the main function of red blood cells?

A

carry oxygen throughout the body

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14
Q

white blood cells

A

specialised for various functions in the immune system

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15
Q

phagocytes

A

large cells that engulf pathogens and other substances by phagocytosis

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16
Q

lymphocytes

A

B cells and T cells (adaptive), natural killer cells (innate and adaptive)

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17
Q

basophils

A

release histamine and other molecules involved in inflammation

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18
Q

eosinophils

A

kill antibody-coated parasites

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19
Q

neutrophils

A

stimulate inflammation

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20
Q

mast cells

A

release histamine

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21
Q

monocytes

A

develop into macrophages and dendritic cells

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22
Q

macrophages

A

antigen presentation

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23
Q

dendritic cells

A

present antigens to T cells

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24
Q

B lymphocytes

A

differentiate to form antibody producing cells and memory

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25
Q

T lymphocytes

A

kill pathogen infected cells; regulate activities of other white blood cells

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26
Q

natural killer cells

A

attack and lyse virus-infected or cancerous body cells

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27
Q

physical barrier of the skin

A

bacteria rarely penetrate intact skin

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28
Q

saltiness of skin

A

condition is not hospitable to the growth of bacterium

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29
Q

presence of normal flora

A

bacteria and fungi that normally live on body surfaces will compete with potential pathogens for space and nutrients

30
Q

mucus

A

traps microorganisms so they can be removed by the beating of hte cilia

31
Q

lysozyme

A

cleaves bonds in the cell walls of many bacteria, causing them to lyse

32
Q

defensins

A

insert themselves into the cell membranes of these organisms and make the membranes freely permeable to water and all solutes

33
Q

internal environment

A

harsh conditions can kill pathogens

34
Q

pattern recognition receptors

A

activates defensive cells by recognising nonself molecules

35
Q

pathogen associated molecular patterns

A

unique to large classes of microbes, such as bacterial flagellin and fungal chitin

36
Q

natural killer cells

A

initiate apoptosis in target cells that are infected by viruses or have become cancerous

37
Q

cytokines

A

signaling proteins that are released by many cell types and can be prpoduced in response to PRR activation

38
Q

interferons

A

help increase the resistance of neighbouring cells to infection

39
Q

inflammation

A

redness, swelling and heat near the damaged site

40
Q

mast cells

A

adhere to the skin and release numerous chemical signals

41
Q

tumour necrosis factor

A

cytokine protein that kills target cells and activates immune cells

42
Q

prostaglandins

A

fatty acid derivatives that play roles in various responses, including the initiation of inflammation in nearby tissues

43
Q

histamine

A

amino acid derivative that increases the permeability of blood vessels to white blood cells and molecules so they can act in nearby tissues

44
Q

allergic reaction

A

normally harmless nonself molecule binds to mast cells, causing the release of histamine

45
Q

autoimmune diseases

A

immune system fails to distinguish between self and nonself and attacks tissues in the organism’s own body

46
Q

sepsis

A

inflammation becomes widespread and blood pressure can greatly drop due to dilation of blood vessels

47
Q

antigens

A

nonself substances

48
Q

antigenic determinants (epitopes)

A

sites on antigens that the immune system recognises

49
Q

clonal deletion

A

immature B or T cell that shows potential to mount a strong immune response against self antigens undergoes apoptosis

50
Q

autoimmunity

A

immune response within an individual to self antigens caused by a failure of clonal deletion

51
Q

immunological memory

A

after responding to a particular type of pathogen once, the immune system can usually respond more rapidly and powerfully to the same threat in the future

52
Q

primary immune resonse

A

takes several days before the adaptive immune system produces specific antibodies and T cells

53
Q

effector cells

A

carry out the attack on the antigen

54
Q

plasma cells (effector B cells)

A

secrete antibodies

55
Q

memory cells

A

start dividing on short notice to produce more effector and more memory cells

56
Q

secondary immune response

A

more rapid and powerful response to a repeat antigen exposure

57
Q

antigen presentation

A

phagocytic cells display fragments of the pathogen on their cell surfaces for communication purposes

58
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

workhorses of the cellular immune response

59
Q

B cells that make antibodies

A

workhorses of the humoral immune response

60
Q

T helper cell

A

bears a T cell receptor protein that is specific for the antigen

61
Q

immunoglobulins

A

several classes of antibodies

62
Q

how does a “naive” B cell become a regular B cell?

A

activated by antigen binding to the receptor from the “naive” B cell

63
Q

amino acid sequence of the constant region

A

determines the general structure and function of an immunoglobulin

64
Q

variable region

A

this amino acid sequence is different for each specific immunoglobulin

65
Q

IgG

A

80% of circuling antibodies

66
Q

IgD

A

cell surface receptor on a B cell

67
Q

IgM

A

initial surface and circulating antibody released by a B cell

68
Q

IgA

A

protects mucous membranes exposed to the environment

69
Q

IgE

A

binds to mast cells and is involved with inflammation

70
Q

Class I MHC proteins

A

present antigens to Tc cells

71
Q

Class II MHC proteins

A

present antigens to Th cells

72
Q

regulatory T cells

A

ensure that the immune response does not spiral out of control

AP Biology (19 decks)

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