Chapter 12 Flashcards
for a prokaryote with a single chromosome, what is the genome sequence?
a continuous string of base pairs
high-throughput sequencing
use miniaturisation techniques to sequence DNA
bioinformatics
analyse DNA sequences using complex mathematics and computer programs
functional genomics
use sequence information to identify the functions of various parts of genomes
open reading frames
sequences of DNA that have no stop codons, and can encode parts of proteins
give some examples of regulatory sequences
promoters and terminators
comparative genomics
comparison of a newly sequenced genome with sequences from other organisms
proteome
sum total of the proteins produced by an organism
why do proteins have unique combinations of electric charge and size?
due to their unique amino acid compositions
proteomics
identify and characterise all of the expressed proteins
metabolome
the complete set of small molecules present in a cell, tissue, or organism
primary metabolites
involved in normal processes
secondary metabolites
unique to particular organisms or groups of organisms
metabolomics
describe the metabolic profile of a tissue or organism under particular environmental conditions
how can molecules be identified?
through mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
what are some notable features of bacterial and archaeal genomes?
small, compact, genes don’t contain introns, carry plasmids
metagenomics
analysing genes without isolating the intact organism
transposons
segments of DNA that can move from place to place in the genome
what effect can transposons have on genes?
significant phenotypic effects by inactivating genes
what may happen if a transposon becomes duplicated/
a single larger transposon may be formed
minimal genome
set of DNA sequences common to all cells
eukaryotic genomes are _____ than those of prokaryotes
larger
eukaryotic genomes have _____ regulatory sequences than those of prokaryotes
more
much of eukaryotic DNA does not __________
encode proteins
orthologs
genes that are derived from a common ancestral gene
gene families
groups of closely related genes
pseudogenes
nonfunctional proteins that result from loss-of-function mutations
highly repetitive sequences
short sequences that are repeated thousands of times in the genome
short tandem repeats
repeated many times at a particular chromosomal location
moderately repetitive sequences
repeated 10-1,000 times in the eukaryotic genome
retrotransposons
make RNA copies of themselves, which are then copied back into DNA before insertion at new locations in the genome
LTR retrotransposons
have long terminal repeats of the DNA sequence at each end
non-LTR retrotransposons
no LTR sequences at the ends, divided into subcategories called SINEs and LINEs
SINEs
short interspersed elements; transcribed but not translated
LINEs
long interspersed elements; transcribed and translated
DNA transposons
excised from the original location and inserted at a new location without being replicated
single nucleotide polymorphisms
DNA sequence variations that involve single nucleotides
haplotype
piece of chromosome with a set of linked SNPs
DNA microarray
grid of microscopic spots of oligonucleotides on a solid surface
pharmacogenomics
study of how an individual’s genome affects the response to drugs or other agents
