Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Biology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

for a prokaryote with a single chromosome, what is the genome sequence?

A

a continuous string of base pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

high-throughput sequencing

A

use miniaturisation techniques to sequence DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

bioinformatics

A

analyse DNA sequences using complex mathematics and computer programs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

functional genomics

A

use sequence information to identify the functions of various parts of genomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

open reading frames

A

sequences of DNA that have no stop codons, and can encode parts of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

give some examples of regulatory sequences

A

promoters and terminators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

comparative genomics

A

comparison of a newly sequenced genome with sequences from other organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

proteome

A

sum total of the proteins produced by an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why do proteins have unique combinations of electric charge and size?

A

due to their unique amino acid compositions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

proteomics

A

identify and characterise all of the expressed proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

metabolome

A

the complete set of small molecules present in a cell, tissue, or organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

primary metabolites

A

involved in normal processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

secondary metabolites

A

unique to particular organisms or groups of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

metabolomics

A

describe the metabolic profile of a tissue or organism under particular environmental conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how can molecules be identified?

A

through mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are some notable features of bacterial and archaeal genomes?

A

small, compact, genes don’t contain introns, carry plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

metagenomics

A

analysing genes without isolating the intact organism

18
Q

transposons

A

segments of DNA that can move from place to place in the genome

19
Q

what effect can transposons have on genes?

A

significant phenotypic effects by inactivating genes

20
Q

what may happen if a transposon becomes duplicated/

A

a single larger transposon may be formed

21
Q

minimal genome

A

set of DNA sequences common to all cells

22
Q

eukaryotic genomes are _____ than those of prokaryotes

A

larger

23
Q

eukaryotic genomes have _____ regulatory sequences than those of prokaryotes

A

more

24
Q

much of eukaryotic DNA does not __________

A

encode proteins

25
Q

orthologs

A

genes that are derived from a common ancestral gene

26
Q

gene families

A

groups of closely related genes

27
Q

pseudogenes

A

nonfunctional proteins that result from loss-of-function mutations

28
Q

highly repetitive sequences

A

short sequences that are repeated thousands of times in the genome

29
Q

short tandem repeats

A

repeated many times at a particular chromosomal location

30
Q

moderately repetitive sequences

A

repeated 10-1,000 times in the eukaryotic genome

31
Q

retrotransposons

A

make RNA copies of themselves, which are then copied back into DNA before insertion at new locations in the genome

32
Q

LTR retrotransposons

A

have long terminal repeats of the DNA sequence at each end

33
Q

non-LTR retrotransposons

A

no LTR sequences at the ends, divided into subcategories called SINEs and LINEs

34
Q

SINEs

A

short interspersed elements; transcribed but not translated

35
Q

LINEs

A

long interspersed elements; transcribed and translated

36
Q

DNA transposons

A

excised from the original location and inserted at a new location without being replicated

37
Q

single nucleotide polymorphisms

A

DNA sequence variations that involve single nucleotides

38
Q

haplotype

A

piece of chromosome with a set of linked SNPs

39
Q

DNA microarray

A

grid of microscopic spots of oligonucleotides on a solid surface

40
Q

pharmacogenomics

A

study of how an individual’s genome affects the response to drugs or other agents

AP Biology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions