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AP Biology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how does a mutant phenotype arise?

A

from a change in the protein’s amino acid sequence

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2
Q

transcription

A

information in a DNA sequence is copied into a complementary RNA sequence

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3
Q

translation

A

RNA sequence is used to create the amino acid of a polypeptide

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4
Q

template strand

A

transcribed to produce an RNA strand by complementary base pairing

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5
Q

mRNA

A

processed in nucleus and moves to the cytoplasm

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6
Q

ribosome

A

protein synthesis factory

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7
Q

rRNA

A

one of them catalyses a peptide bond formation between amino acids to form a polypeptide

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8
Q

tRNA

A

can bind specific amino acid and recognise a specific sequence of nucleotides in mRNA

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9
Q

how many kinds of RNA polymerases are there in bacteria and archaea?

A

just one

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10
Q

how many kinds of RNA polymerases are there in eukaryotes?

A

several kinds

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11
Q

do RNA polymerases require a primer?

A

no

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12
Q

promoter

A

a special DNA sequence to which RNA polymerase binds very tightly

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13
Q

transcription initiation site

A

part of the promoter where transcription begins

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14
Q

elongation

A

RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA and reads the template strand in the 3’ to 5’ direction

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15
Q

how does RNA polymerase add new nucleotides to the RNA molecule?

A

by complementary base pairing with nucleotides in the template strand of the DNA

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16
Q

how is the termination of transcription specified?

A

by particular base sequences

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17
Q

coding regions

A

sequences within a DNA molecule that are eventually translated as proteins

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18
Q

introns

A

noncoding sequences that interrupt the coding region

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19
Q

exons

A

transcribed regions that are interspersed with the introns

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20
Q

pre-mRNA

A

primary mRNA transcript

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21
Q

nucleic acid hybridisation

A

allows us to locate introns within a eukaryotic gene

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22
Q

probe

A

single-stranded nucleic acid from another source

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23
Q

RNA splicing

A

removes the introns and splices the exons together

24
Q

consensus sequences

A

short stretches of DNA that appear with little variation in many different genes

25
Q

snRNPs

A

bind the consensus sequences

26
Q

spliceosome

A

a large RNA-protein complex that cuts pre-mRNA, releases introns, and joins the ends of the exons together

27
Q

5’ cap

A

added to the 5’ end of the pre-mRNA as it is transcribed to facilitate the binding of mRNA to the ribosome for translation

28
Q

poly A tail

A

added to the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA at the end of transcription

29
Q

codons

A

genetic information in an mRNA molecule, specifies a particular amino acid

30
Q

start codon

A

the initiation signal for translation (methionine)

31
Q

stop codons

A

terminate translation (UAA, UAG, and UGA)

32
Q

redundant code

A

more than one codon for the amino acid

33
Q

ambiguous code

A

single codon specifies two or more different amino acids

34
Q

silent mutatinos

A

can occur because of the redundancy of the genetic code

35
Q

missense mutations

A

result in a change in the amino acid sequence

36
Q

nonsense mutations

A

result in a premature stop codon

37
Q

frame-shift mutations

A

result from the insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs within the coding sequence

38
Q

what are the functions of tRNA?

A

bind to specific enzyme, bind to mRNA, interact with ribosomes

39
Q

anticodon

A

triplet of bases at the midpoint on the tRNA chain which is complementary to the mRNA codon

40
Q

wobble phenomenon

A

cell can get by with two-thirds of the total number of RNA species

41
Q

what does the large subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes contain?

A

3 different ribosomal RNA molecules and 49 protein molecules

42
Q

what does the small subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes contain?

A

1 rRNA molecule and 33 proteins

43
Q

A site

A

where the charged tRNA anticodon binds to the mRNA codon

44
Q

P site

A

where the tRNA adds its amino acid to the polypeptide chain

45
Q

E site

A

where the tRNA resides before being released from the ribosome

46
Q

what is the order of the three binding sites in ribosomes?

A

A, P, E

47
Q

initiation complex

A

consists of a charged tRNA and a small ribosomal subunit

48
Q

what does the large subunit catalyse?

A

breaks the bond between methionine and its tRNA in the P site, and catalyses the formation of a peptide bond between the methionine and the amino acid attached to the tRNA in the A site

49
Q

peptidyl transferase activity

A

breaks and reforms peptide bond

50
Q

ribozyme

A

RNA and enzyme

51
Q

what happens when a stop codon enters the A site?

A

it binds a protein release factor, allowing for hydrolysis of the bond between the polypeptide chain and the tRNA in the P site

52
Q

polyribosome

A

assemblage consisting of a strand of mRNA with its beadlike ribosomes and their growing polypeptide chains

53
Q

where does protein synthesis begin?

A

on free ribosomes floating in the cytoplasm

54
Q

signal sequence

A

short stretch of amino acids that indicates where in the cell the polypeptide belongs

55
Q

proteolysis

A

the cutting of a polypeptide chain

56
Q

glycosylation

A

addition of carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins

57
Q

phosphorlyation

A

addition of phosphate groups to proteins and is catalysed by protein kinases

AP Biology (19 decks)

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