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AP Biology > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

evolution

A

change in genetic composition of populations over time

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2
Q

evolutionary theory

A

understanding and applying the processes of evolutionary change to biological problems

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3
Q

descent with modification

A

share a common ancestor and have diverged from one another gradually over time

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4
Q

natural selection

A

increased survival and reproduction of some individuals compared with others based on more favourable traits

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5
Q

population

A

group of individuals of a singe species that live and interbreed in a particular geographic area at the same time

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6
Q

what is the origin of genetic variation?

A

mutation

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7
Q

alleles

A

different forms of a gene

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8
Q

adaptation

A

favoured trait that evolves through natural selection

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9
Q

gene flow

A

migration of individuals and movements of gametes between populations can change allele frequencies

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10
Q

population bottleneck

A

populations that are normally large but pass through environmental events that only a small number of individuals survive

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11
Q

what happens if a population goes through a bottleneck?

A

it loses variation

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12
Q

founder effect

A

change in genetic variation w hen a few pioneering individuals colonise a new region

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13
Q

why do mating patterns alter genotype frequencies?

A

individuals in a population do not choose mates at random

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14
Q

sexual selection

A

occurs when individuals of one sex mate preferentially with particular individuals of the opposite sex

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15
Q

what is the opposite of sexual selection?

A

random mating

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16
Q

what is the formula for allele frequency?

A

p = (number of copies of the allele in the population)/(total number of copies of all alleles in the population)

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17
Q

what are the Hardy-Weinberg equations?

A

p + q = 1

p + 2pq + q = 1

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18
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

describes a model where allele frequencies do not change across generations and genotype frequencies can be predicted from allele frequencies

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19
Q

what are the conditions of HW equilibrium?

A

no mutation, no selection among genotypes, no gene flow, infinite population size, random mating

20
Q

qualitative traits

A

discrete qualities

21
Q

quantitative traits

A

likely to show continuous quantitative variation

22
Q

stabilising selection

A

preserves the average characteristics of a population by favouring average individuals

23
Q

directional selection

A

changes the characteristics of a population by favouring individuals that vary in one direction from the mean of the population

24
Q

disruptive selection

A

changes the characteristics of a population by favouring individuals that vary in both directions from the mean of the population

25
Q

purifying selection

A

selection against any deleterious mutations to the usual gene sequence

26
Q

positive selection

A

favouring one phenotype over another

27
Q

synonymous substitution

A

substitution that does not change the encoded amino acid

28
Q

silent substitution

A

synonymous with synonymous substitution

29
Q

nonsynonymous substitution

A

does change the amino acid sequence encoded by a gene

30
Q

missense substitution

A

synonymous with nonsynonymous substitution

31
Q

pseudogenes

A

copies of genes that are no longer functional

32
Q

N

A

population size

33
Q

μ

A

neutral mutation rate

34
Q

average number of new mutations

A

μ * 2N

35
Q

m

A

rate of fixation of neutral mutations

36
Q

formula for rate of fixation of neutral mutations

A

m = 2Nμ(1/N)

37
Q

why can a heterozygous condition never become fixed in a population?

A

offspring of two heterozygotes will always include both classes of homozygotes

38
Q

disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

recombination breaks up adaptive combinations of genes, reduces the rate of females passing genes on to offspring, dividing offspring into separate genders reduces the overall reproductive rate

39
Q

what is the effective reproductive rate of the asexual lineage?

A

twice that of the sexual lineage

40
Q

Muller’s ratchet

A

accumulation of deleterious mutations in lineages that lack genetic recombination

41
Q

advantages of sexual reproduction

A

facilitates repair of damaged DNA, permits the elimination of deleterious mutations

42
Q

how does sexual reproduction eliminate deleterious mutations?

A

through recombination followed by selection

43
Q

lateral gene transfer

A

horizontal movement of individual genes, organelles, or fragments of genomes from one lineage to another

44
Q

gene duplication

A

allows genomes to acquire new functions

45
Q

gene family

A

group of homologous genes with related functions

46
Q

how does a gene family arise?

A

several successive rounds of duplication and sequence evolution

47
Q

in vitro evolution

A

new molecules are produced in the lab to perform new and useful functions

AP Biology (19 decks)

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