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AP Biology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

cell division

A

parent cell duplicates genetic material and then divides into two similar cells

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2
Q

asexual reproduction

A

offspring are clones of parents

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3
Q

How can genetic variations occur in asexual reproduction?

A

mutations

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4
Q

sexual reproduction

A

gametes fuse, offspring have considerable genetic variation

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5
Q

meiosis

A

results in daughter cells with only half of the genetic material of the original cell

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6
Q

somatic cells

A

cells that are not specialised for reproduction

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7
Q

homologous pairs

A

one chromosome of each pair comes from the mother and one from the father

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8
Q

haploid

A

n chromosomes

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9
Q

zygote

A

formed by the fusion of two haploid gametes

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10
Q

fertilisation

A

the process where two haploid gametes form a zygote

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11
Q

diploid

A

2n c hromosomes

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12
Q

Is a zygote haploid or diploid?

A

diploid

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13
Q

Is a gamete haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

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14
Q

What are the products of binary fission>

A

two genetically identical cells

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15
Q

What are the products of mitosis?

A

two genetically identical cells

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16
Q

What does mitosis do?

A

build tissues and organs, repair damages

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17
Q

reproductive signals

A

initiate cell division

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18
Q

DNA replication

A

must occur in order for the cell to divide

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19
Q

DNA segregation

A

DNA is distributed to each of the two new cells

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20
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm divides to form two new cells

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21
Q

What type of organisms undergo binary fission?

A

prokaryotes

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22
Q

Where is the genetic information in prokaryotic cells?

A

on one single chromosome

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23
Q

What important regions of the prokaryotic chromosome play functional roles in cell reproduction?

A

ori and ter

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24
Q

ori

A

the site where replication of the circular chromosome starts (the ORIgin of replication)

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25
ter
the site where replication ends (the TERminus of replication)
26
Where does chromosome replication take place?
replication complex near the centre of the cell
27
How is DNA segregated in a prokaryote?
ori regions move toward opposite ends of the cell
28
mitosis
the set of processes in which the chromosomes become condensed and then segregate into two new nuclei
29
M Phase
mitosis and cytokinesis
30
interphase
cell nucleus is visible and typical cell functions occur
31
prophase
the beginning of mitosis, chromosomes condense
32
sister chromatids
the DNA molecules, 2 per chromosome
33
centromere
a region where the chromatids are held together
34
kinetochores
special protein structures that assemble on the centromeres for chromosome movement
35
karyotype
the number and sizes of the chromosomes
36
centrosome
made of 2 centrioles, position determines the plane at which the cell divides
37
centrioles
hollow tube formed by nine triplets of microtubules
38
spindle
forms during prophase and prometaphase, when the nuclear envelope breaks down
39
polar microtubules
overlap in the middle region of the cell and keep the two poles apart
40
astral microtubules
interact with proteins attached to the cell membrane, and also assist in keeping the poles ap art
41
kinetochore microtubules
attatch to the kinetochores on the chromosomes, ensuring that the two chromatids will move to opposite poles
42
prometaphase
nuclear envelope breaks down and the compacted chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids, attach to the kinetochore microtubules
43
metaphase
the chromosomes line up at the midline of the cell
44
anaphase
the chromatids separate, and the daughter chromosomes move away from each other toward the poles
45
telophase
nuclear envelope forms around each set of new chromosomes, nucleoli appear, and chromosomes become less compact
46
growth factors
stimulate cell division and differentiation
47
What are the four stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle?
G1, S, G2, and M
48
What regulates the cell cycle?
cyclin-dependent kinases
49
cyclin-dependent kinase
involved in regulation, catalyses the phosphorylation of target proteins that regulate the cell cycle
50
cell cycle checkpoints
specific stages of the cell cycle
51
What does meiosis consist of?
two nuclear divisions
52
meiosis I
homologous chromosomes come together and line up, and then the homologous chromosome pairs separate
53
meiosis II
sister chromatids are separated
54
Are the four daughter cells from meiosis genetically identical?
no
55
tetrad
a structure formed by homologous chromosomes during metaphase I
56
chiasmata
X shaped attachment points between homologous chromosomes
57
crossing over
genetic material is exchanged between nonsister chromatids on homologous chromosomes
58
chiasma
the place where crossing over occurs
59
recombinant chromatids
the result of crossing over, which increases genetic variation
60
independent assortment
homologous pairs line up randomly at metaphase I (not all paternal chromosomes will be on the same side, same with maternal chromosomes)
61
nondisjunction
the failure of a homologous chromosome pair to separate at anaphase I or the failure of a pair of chromatids to separate at anaphase II
62
aneuploidy
having an abnormal number of chromosomes
63
trisomy
having one extra chromosome
64
monosome
missing one chromosome
65
polyploidy
3n, 4n, 5n, ...
66
translocation
when chromosomes from homologous chromosome pairs break and rejoin during meiosis I
67
necrosis
cell death that occurs when cells are damaged
68
apoptosis
genetically programmed series of events that result in cell death
69
What are reasons for apoptosis?
the cell is no longer needed by the organism, and the longer cells live, the more prone they are to genetic damage that could lead to cancer
70
blebs
membranous lobes that break up into cell fragments
71
capases
enzymes that hydrolyse proteins of nuclear envelope, nucelosomes, and cell membrane

AP Biology (19 decks)

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