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AP Biology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell division

A

parent cell duplicates genetic material and then divides into two similar cells

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2
Q

asexual reproduction

A

offspring are clones of parents

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3
Q

How can genetic variations occur in asexual reproduction?

A

mutations

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4
Q

sexual reproduction

A

gametes fuse, offspring have considerable genetic variation

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5
Q

meiosis

A

results in daughter cells with only half of the genetic material of the original cell

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6
Q

somatic cells

A

cells that are not specialised for reproduction

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7
Q

homologous pairs

A

one chromosome of each pair comes from the mother and one from the father

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8
Q

haploid

A

n chromosomes

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9
Q

zygote

A

formed by the fusion of two haploid gametes

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10
Q

fertilisation

A

the process where two haploid gametes form a zygote

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11
Q

diploid

A

2n c hromosomes

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12
Q

Is a zygote haploid or diploid?

A

diploid

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13
Q

Is a gamete haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

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14
Q

What are the products of binary fission>

A

two genetically identical cells

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15
Q

What are the products of mitosis?

A

two genetically identical cells

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16
Q

What does mitosis do?

A

build tissues and organs, repair damages

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17
Q

reproductive signals

A

initiate cell division

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18
Q

DNA replication

A

must occur in order for the cell to divide

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19
Q

DNA segregation

A

DNA is distributed to each of the two new cells

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20
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm divides to form two new cells

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21
Q

What type of organisms undergo binary fission?

A

prokaryotes

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22
Q

Where is the genetic information in prokaryotic cells?

A

on one single chromosome

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23
Q

What important regions of the prokaryotic chromosome play functional roles in cell reproduction?

A

ori and ter

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24
Q

ori

A

the site where replication of the circular chromosome starts (the ORIgin of replication)

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25
Q

ter

A

the site where replication ends (the TERminus of replication)

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26
Q

Where does chromosome replication take place?

A

replication complex near the centre of the cell

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27
Q

How is DNA segregated in a prokaryote?

A

ori regions move toward opposite ends of the cell

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28
Q

mitosis

A

the set of processes in which the chromosomes become condensed and then segregate into two new nuclei

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29
Q

M Phase

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

30
Q

interphase

A

cell nucleus is visible and typical cell functions occur

31
Q

prophase

A

the beginning of mitosis, chromosomes condense

32
Q

sister chromatids

A

the DNA molecules, 2 per chromosome

33
Q

centromere

A

a region where the chromatids are held together

34
Q

kinetochores

A

special protein structures that assemble on the centromeres for chromosome movement

35
Q

karyotype

A

the number and sizes of the chromosomes

36
Q

centrosome

A

made of 2 centrioles, position determines the plane at which the cell divides

37
Q

centrioles

A

hollow tube formed by nine triplets of microtubules

38
Q

spindle

A

forms during prophase and prometaphase, when the nuclear envelope breaks down

39
Q

polar microtubules

A

overlap in the middle region of the cell and keep the two poles apart

40
Q

astral microtubules

A

interact with proteins attached to the cell membrane, and also assist in keeping the poles ap art

41
Q

kinetochore microtubules

A

attatch to the kinetochores on the chromosomes, ensuring that the two chromatids will move to opposite poles

42
Q

prometaphase

A

nuclear envelope breaks down and the compacted chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids, attach to the kinetochore microtubules

43
Q

metaphase

A

the chromosomes line up at the midline of the cell

44
Q

anaphase

A

the chromatids separate, and the daughter chromosomes move away from each other toward the poles

45
Q

telophase

A

nuclear envelope forms around each set of new chromosomes, nucleoli appear, and chromosomes become less compact

46
Q

growth factors

A

stimulate cell division and differentiation

47
Q

What are the four stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, and M

48
Q

What regulates the cell cycle?

A

cyclin-dependent kinases

49
Q

cyclin-dependent kinase

A

involved in regulation, catalyses the phosphorylation of target proteins that regulate the cell cycle

50
Q

cell cycle checkpoints

A

specific stages of the cell cycle

51
Q

What does meiosis consist of?

A

two nuclear divisions

52
Q

meiosis I

A

homologous chromosomes come together and line up, and then the homologous chromosome pairs separate

53
Q

meiosis II

A

sister chromatids are separated

54
Q

Are the four daughter cells from meiosis genetically identical?

A

no

55
Q

tetrad

A

a structure formed by homologous chromosomes during metaphase I

56
Q

chiasmata

A

X shaped attachment points between homologous chromosomes

57
Q

crossing over

A

genetic material is exchanged between nonsister chromatids on homologous chromosomes

58
Q

chiasma

A

the place where crossing over occurs

59
Q

recombinant chromatids

A

the result of crossing over, which increases genetic variation

60
Q

independent assortment

A

homologous pairs line up randomly at metaphase I (not all paternal chromosomes will be on the same side, same with maternal chromosomes)

61
Q

nondisjunction

A

the failure of a homologous chromosome pair to separate at anaphase I or the failure of a pair of chromatids to separate at anaphase II

62
Q

aneuploidy

A

having an abnormal number of chromosomes

63
Q

trisomy

A

having one extra chromosome

64
Q

monosome

A

missing one chromosome

65
Q

polyploidy

A

3n, 4n, 5n, …

66
Q

translocation

A

when chromosomes from homologous chromosome pairs break and rejoin during meiosis I

67
Q

necrosis

A

cell death that occurs when cells are damaged

68
Q

apoptosis

A

genetically programmed series of events that result in cell death

69
Q

What are reasons for apoptosis?

A

the cell is no longer needed by the organism, and the longer cells live, the more prone they are to genetic damage that could lead to cancer

70
Q

blebs

A

membranous lobes that break up into cell fragments

71
Q

capases

A

enzymes that hydrolyse proteins of nuclear envelope, nucelosomes, and cell membrane

AP Biology (19 decks)

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