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AP Biology > Chapter 36 > Flashcards

Chapter 36 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 3 properties of body fluids?

A

osmotic pressure, ionic composition, and volume

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2
Q

osmotic pressure

A

measure of the total concentration of solutes

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3
Q

what is the direction of water flow by osmosis?

A

regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration

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4
Q

ionic composition

A

principal solutes are Na+, K+ and Cl-

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5
Q

volume

A

volumes of water are coming and going all the time

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6
Q

urine

A

fluid that is excreted into the outside environment

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7
Q

nephrons

A

microscopically tiny tubules in a vertebrate kidney

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8
Q

what fluid does the kidney tubule start with?

A

blood plasma

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9
Q

what fluid does the kidney tubule end with?

A

urine

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10
Q

kidney

A

organ composed of tubular structures that produces an aqueous solution for excretion

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11
Q

what is the U/P ratio?

A

ratio of composition of urine to composition of plasma

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12
Q

what happens when U/P is less than 1?

A

kidneys are making the plasma become more concentrated

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13
Q

what happens when U/P is greater than 1?

A

kidneys are making plasma become more dilute

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14
Q

extrarenal salt excretion

A

other organs may be able to excrete ions at high total concentrations

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15
Q

salt glands

A

excrete highly concentrated salt solutions, seen in birds and non-avian reptiles that live near/in oceans and deserts

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16
Q

nitrogenous wastes

A

nitrogen containing toxic wastes

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17
Q

what is the simplest nitrogenous waste to produce?

A

ammonia

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18
Q

what is the problem with ammonia?

A

it is highly toxic, concentration must be kept low in the body fluids

19
Q

ammonotelic

A

animals that excrete nitrogen principally as ammonia

20
Q

why can the fish and other water-breathing animals excrete nitrogen?

A

they can lose it rapidly into their aquatic environment

21
Q

what is the disadvantage of producing less toxic nitrogenous waste?

A

requires ATP and thus has a metabolic cost

22
Q

what is the advantage of producing less toxic nitrogenous waste?

A

do not need to be excreted immediately

23
Q

urea

A

a form of waste nitrogen that is very soluble and relatively low in toxicity

24
Q

ureotelic

A

animals that excrete waste nitrogen principally as urea

25
Q

uric acid

A

a form of waste nitrogen that is poorly soluble in water and often solid

26
Q

uricotelic

A

animals that excrete waste nitrogen principally as uric acid

27
Q

isosmotic

A

body fluids have the same osmotic pressure as the water in which they live in

28
Q

hyperosmotic

A

body fluids have a higher osmotic pressure than the environmental water

29
Q

hyposmotic

A

body fluids have a lower osmotic pressure than the environmental water

30
Q

osmolarity

A

each separate dissolved entity contributes to osmotic pressure

31
Q

hyposmotic regulators

A

regulatory mechanisms used to maintain the difference of osmotic pressure

32
Q

what is the osmotic pressure relationship for invertebrates?

A

isosmotic with seawater

33
Q

what is the osmotic pressure relationship for ocean bony fish?

A

hyposmotic to seawater

34
Q

what is the osmotic pressure relationship for freshwater animals?

A

hyperosmotic to fresh water

35
Q

humidic

A

outer body coverings that are highly permeable to water

36
Q

what is the normal blood osmotic pressure of terrestrial vertebrates?

A

300-350 mOsm

37
Q

xeric

A

body coverings that prevent water in their body fluids from freely evaporating

38
Q

metabolic water

A

produced by the oxidation of organic molecules during metabolism

39
Q

ultrafiltration

A

the process of forming primary urine

40
Q

glomerular filtration rate

A

rate at which the primary urine is formed by all the nephrons functioning collectively

41
Q

aquaporins

A

water channel proteins

42
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

secreted by the hypothalamus, controls whether the kidney produces abundant urine or a small amount

43
Q

Malpighian tubules

A

produces primary urine in insects

AP Biology (19 decks)

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