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AP Biology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

character

A

an observable physical feature

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2
Q

trait

A

a particular form of a character

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3
Q

parental generation

A

designated by the letter P

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4
Q

first filial generation

A

designated by F1, these plants are the offspring of the P generation

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5
Q

monohybrid cross

A

crossing paternal varieties with contrasting traits for a single character

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6
Q

alleles

A

the different forms of a gene

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7
Q

dominant

A

determines the phenotype for heterozygous and homozygous dominant

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8
Q

recessive

A

determines the phenotype for homozygous recessive only

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9
Q

homozygous

A

has two alleles that are the same

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10
Q

heterozygous

A

has two different alleles

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11
Q

phenotype

A

physical appearance of an organism

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12
Q

genotype

A

genetic constitution of the organism

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13
Q

law of segregation

A

when any individual produces gametes, the two copies of a gene separate, so each gamete receives only one copy

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14
Q

Punnett square

A

method that ensures we consider all possible random combinations of gametes when calculating expected genotype frequencies

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15
Q

test cross

A

used to determine whether an individual showing a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous

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16
Q

dihybrid cross

A

cross between individuals that are identical double heterozygotes

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17
Q

dihybrid cross phenotype ratio

A

9:3:3:1

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18
Q

multiplication rule

A

the probability of two independent outcomes occurring together is found by multiplying the two individual probabilities

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19
Q

addition rule

A

the probability of an event that can occur in two or more different ways is the sum of the individual probabilities of those ways

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20
Q

pedigrees

A

family trees that show the occurrence of inherited phenotypes in several generations of related individuals

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21
Q

mutations

A

rare, stable, and inherited changes in the genetic material

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22
Q

wild type

A

the allele that is present in most individuals in nature

23
Q

polymorphic

A

a gene with a wild-type allele that is present less than 99 percent of the time

24
Q

incomplete dominance

A

heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype

25
Q

codominance

A

when two alleles of a gene both produce their phenotypes when present in a heterozygote

26
Q

epistasis

A

occurs when the phenotypic expression of one gene is affected by another gene

27
Q

heterosis

A

hybrid vigor, when genes interact in a dramatic way

28
Q

What is the general relationship between phenotypes and genes?

A

most complex phenotypes are determined by multiple genes

29
Q

quantitative traits

A

traits conferred by multiple genes that need to be measured rather than assessed qualitatively

30
Q

How is the phenotype of an organism truly determined?

A

by both genotype and environment

31
Q

penetrance

A

the proportion of individuals in a group with a given genotype that actually show the expected phenotype

32
Q

expressivity

A

the degree to which a genotype is expressed in an individual

33
Q

heritability

A

the relative contribution of genetic versus environmental factors to the variation in that character in a particular population (typically varies from 0 to 1)

34
Q

locus

A

the particular site on a chromosome where a gene resides

35
Q

The ________ of genes on a single chromosome alters their pattern of inheritance

A

genetic linkage

36
Q

recombinant

A

two homologous chromosomes can physically exchange corresponding segments during prophase I of meiosis by crossing over

37
Q

recombination frequency

A

calculated by dividing the number of recombinant progeny by the total number of progeny

38
Q

autosomes

A

all the chromosomes that aren’t sex chromosomes

39
Q

sex chromosomes

A

determine the sex of the fly

40
Q

hemizygous

A

any gene that is present as a single copy in a diploid organism

41
Q

sex-linked inheritance

A

inheritance of a gene that is carried on a sex chromosome

42
Q

What organelles contain genetic material?

A

nucleus, mitochondria and plastids

43
Q

How many genes are there in the nuclear genome for humans?

A

21,000

44
Q

How many genes are there in the mitochondrial genome for humans?

A

37

45
Q

In most organisms, the mitochondria and plastids are inherited only from the ______.

A

mother

46
Q

horizontal/lateral gene transfer

A

the transfer of genes from one individual organism to another without sexual reproduction

47
Q

sex pilius

A

extends from one cell to another cell and draws them together

48
Q

conjugation tube

A

a thin cytoplasmic bridge that allows genetic material to pass from the donor to the recipient

49
Q

bacterial conjugation

A

the process where the donor transfers genetic material to the recipient (not the other way around)

50
Q

What happens when the donor DNA is inside the recipient cell?

A

it can recombine with the recipients DNA

51
Q

plasmids

A

smaller, circular DNA molecules in bacteria that replicate independently inside the cell

52
Q

How do plasmids replicate?

A

independently of the main chromosome

53
Q

Do plasmids need to recombine with the main chromosome to add their genes to the recipient cell’s genome?

A

no

54
Q

Plasmids can move between cells during ______, thereby transferring new genes to the recipient bacterium.

A

conjugation

AP Biology (19 decks)

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