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AP Biology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The continuity of life is based on?

A

cell division

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2
Q

Cell division enables multicellular eukaryotes to develop from a _____ and once fully grown to ____, ___, or, ___

A

single cell, renew, repair, replace cells

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3
Q

cell division is an integral part of the?

A

cell cycle

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4
Q

cell cycle

A

the life of a cell from its formation to its own division

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5
Q

Most cell division results in?

A

genetically identical daughter cells

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6
Q

all DNA in a cell constitutes?

A

the cells genome

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7
Q

DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into?

A

chromosomes

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8
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of?

A

chromatin

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9
Q

chromatin

A

complex of DNA and Protein

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10
Q

somatic cells have ___ chromosomes

A

46

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11
Q

somatic cells are _____ and gametes are ____.

A

nonreproductive, reproductive

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12
Q

gametes have ___ chromosomes

A

23

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13
Q

When a cell is not dividing, each chromosomes is?

A

a long, thin chromatin fiber

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14
Q

Each duplicated chromosome has?

A

2 sister chromatids

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15
Q

sister chromatids

A

joined copies of the original chromosomes

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16
Q

Centromere

A

where the two chromatid are most closely attached.

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17
Q

Once separated, the chromatids are considered?

A

individual chromosomes

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18
Q

Eukaryotic cells division consists of?

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

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19
Q

mitosis

A

distribution of chromosomes into two daughter nuclei.

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20
Q

mitosis only occurs if you have?

A

a nucleus

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21
Q

cytokinesis

A

the division of the cytoplasm producing two daughter cells

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22
Q

Meiosis yields?

A

non identical daughter cells

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23
Q

daughter cells from meiosis have only ___ sets of chromosomes.

A

1

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24
Q

The cell cycle consists of?

A

-mitotic phase
-interphase

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25
Q

Mitotic phase includes?

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

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26
Q

Interphase includes?

A

cell growth and copying chromosomes in prep for cell division

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27
Q

Interphase subphases

A

-G1 phase
-S phase
-G2 phase

28
Q

Mitosis is divided into 5 stages

A

-prophase
-Prometaphase
-Metaphase
-Anaphase
-Telephase

29
Q

G1 phase

A

metabolic activity and growth

30
Q

G2 phase

A

metabolic activity, growth, and preparation for cell division

31
Q

S phase

A

metabolic activity, growth, and DNA synthesis

32
Q

Miotic phase includes?

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

33
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear membrane begins to break down, and the spindle apparatus starts to form

34
Q

Prometaphase

A

Microtubules from the spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes.

35
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell.

36
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell.

37
Q

Telophase

A

Two new nuclear membranes form around the separated chromosomes, and the cell begins to divide into two daughter cells

38
Q

miotic spindle

A

structure made of microtubules and associated proteins

39
Q

what does the miotic spindle do?

A

controls chromosome movement during mitosis

40
Q

In animal cells, assembly of spindle microtubules begins in?

A

the centrosome

41
Q

centrosome

A

Type of microtubule organizing center

42
Q

Kinetochores

A

protein complexes that assemble on section of DNA at centromeres

43
Q

metaphase plate

A

imaginary structure at the midway point between the spindle’s two poles

44
Q

In anaphase, _______ and ___ the kinetochore microtubles toward ____.

A

chromatids separate, move along, opposite ends of the cell

45
Q

Cytokinesis begins during _____ and the _____.

A

anaphase or telophase, spindle eventually disassembles

46
Q

In animal cells, what forms during cytokinesis?

A

clevage

47
Q

cleavage furrow

A

shallow groove in the cell surface

48
Q

In plant cells what forms during cytokinesis?

A

cell plate

49
Q

binary fission

A

How prokaryotes perform cell division

50
Q

In bacteria, ___ beginning at the ___.

A

the single chromosome replicates, origin of replication.

51
Q

The frequency of cell division varies with?

A

the type of cells

52
Q

The cell cycle is driven by ____ present in ____.

A

specific signaling molecules, the cytoplasm

53
Q

The sequential events of the cell cycle are directed by?

A

distinct cell cycle control system

54
Q

cell cycle control system is similar to?

A

control device of a washing machine

55
Q

The clock has specific ____ where the cell cycle ___.

A

checkpoints, stops until a go-ahead signal is received.

56
Q

Which checkpoint is the most important?

A

G1

57
Q

G0 phase

A

nondividing state due to not receiving a go-ahead signal.

58
Q

cyclins

A

set of regulatory proteins and protein complexes.

59
Q

example of cyclins

A

kinases and proteins

60
Q

Attachment of all the kinetochores activates ___ which then activates ___

A

a regulatory complex, enzyme seperase

61
Q

Examples of external signals

A

growth factors, density-dependent inhibition

62
Q

growth factors

A

proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide.

63
Q

density-dependent inhibition

A

crowded cells stop dividing

64
Q

Most animal cells exhibit ___?

A

anchorage dependence

65
Q

anchorage dependence

A

cells must be attached to something inside a culture flask or extra cellular matrix of a tissue in order to divide.

66
Q

What do cancer cells not exhibit?

A

density-dependent anchorage nor anchorage dependence.

AP Biology (9 decks)

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