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AP Biology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

photosynthesis

A

converts solar power into chemical energy

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2
Q

autotrophs

A

get energy from nonliving sources

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3
Q

autotrophs are ____?

A

producers

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4
Q

producers

A

make organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules

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5
Q

heterotrophs

A

obtain energy from other organims

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6
Q

heterotrophs depend directly or indirectly on photoautotrophs for?

A

food and O2

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7
Q

chloroplasts of eukaryotes likely evolved from?

A

photosynthetic bacteria

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8
Q

_____ enters and _____ exits through stomata.

A

CO2, O2

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9
Q

Chloroplasts are mainly found in?

A

mesophyll cells

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10
Q

mesophyll

A

interior tissue of leaf

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11
Q

thylakoid

A

suspended in stroma and composed of sacs

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12
Q

the color of leaves come from?

A

chlorophyll

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13
Q

Chloroplasts split H2O into _______ and ______, incorporating the electrons of _____ into _____ molecules and releasing _____.

A

hydrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, sugar, O2

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14
Q

Photosynthesis does what to electron flow compared to cellular respiration?

A

reveres the direction

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15
Q

photosynthesis is a ____ process, in which ___ is oxidized, _____ is reduced.

A

redox, H2O, CO2

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16
Q

Photosynthesis is a ______ reaction.

A

endergonic

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17
Q

2 steps of photosynthesis

A

light reactions, photosynthesis

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18
Q

The electron acceptor NADP+ is reduced to?

A

NADPH

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19
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

ATP is generated by adding a phosphate group to ADP

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20
Q

The Calvin cycle produces?

A

sugar from CO2 with help from NADPH and ATP

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21
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

CO2 is incorporated into organic molecule

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22
Q

Wavelength

A

distance between crests of electromagnetic waves

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23
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

entire range of wavelengths

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24
Q

Visible light consists of waves lengths ____ to ______

A

380nm, 750nm

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25
Q

photosynthesis is powered by ____

A

visible light

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26
Q

photons

A

light behaves as discrete particles

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27
Q

Pigments

A

absorb visible light

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28
Q

waves that are not absorbed are?

A

reflected or transmitted

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29
Q

spectrophotometer

A

measures a pigments ability to absorb different wavelengths

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30
Q

absorption spectrum

A

plots a pigment’s light absorption vs wavelength

31
Q

chlorophyll a absorbs?

A

violet-blue and red

32
Q

What is the main photosynthetic pigment?

A

chlorophyll a

33
Q

carotenoids

A

absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll

34
Q

when pigments absorb light, an electron is elevated from?

A

ground state to excited state

35
Q

fluorescence

A

electrons fall down, releasing photons

36
Q

photo system

A

reaction-center complex surrounded by light harvesting complexes

37
Q

light harvesting complexes

A

transfer the energy of photons to reaction center

38
Q

light harvesting complexes are composed of?

A

pigment molecules bound to proteins

39
Q

reaction center complex

A

association of proteins holding a pair of chlorophyll a and a primary electron acceptor.

40
Q

First steps of light reactions

A

chlorophyll a transfers an excited electron to the primary electron acceptor.

41
Q

What occurs in the reaction center is a?

A

redox reaction

42
Q

Photosystem II is best at absorbing what wavelength?

A

680nm

43
Q

P680

A

the reaction center of chlorophyll a of PSll

44
Q

Photosystem l is best at absorbing what wavelength?

A

700 nm

45
Q

P700

A

the reaction center of chlorophyll a of PSl.

46
Q

how are P680 and P700 different?

A

associated with different proteins.

47
Q

Linear electron flow

A

flow of electrons through photosystems.

48
Q

what is produced in linear electron flow?

A

ATP and NADPH

49
Q

Electrons are passed down an ________ from PSll to PS1 releasing ____ to form ______.

A

electrons transport chain, energy, a protein gradient across the thylakoid membrane.

50
Q

chloroplast and mitochondria generate _ by the same mechanisms.

A

ATP

51
Q

The light reactions of photosynthesis generate _____ and increase the _____ of electrons by moving them from _____.

A

ATP, potential energy, H2O to NADPH

52
Q

The Calvin cycle is ____?

A

anabolic

53
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

uses energy from ATP and reducing power of NADPH to build sugar.

54
Q

Carbon enters the cycle as ___ and leaves as ___

A

CO2, Glyceraldahyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

55
Q

For the net synthesis of 1 G3P, the cycle must?

A

take place 3 times, fixing 3 molecules of CO2.

56
Q

3 phases of the Calvin Cycle

A

-Carbon Fixation
-Reduction
-REgeneration of the CO2 acceptor

57
Q

Phase 1

A

carbon fixation forms 6 carbon molecule by combining CO2 and RuBP

58
Q

ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)

A

5 carbon sugar

59
Q

RuBP oxygenase/carboxylase catalyzes?

A

Phase 1

60
Q

Phase 2

A

phosphorylation of 3-phosphoglycerate to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate which is then reduced to G3P.

61
Q

____ ATP and ______ NADH are required to produce _____ but only ____ exits the cycle for use by the cell.

A

6, 6, 6 G3P, 1

62
Q

Phase 3

A

Rearrangement of the 5 remaining G3P molecules to regenerate CO2 acceptor RuBP.

63
Q

Since the move to land 475 million years ago, plants have been?

A

adapting to the problem of dehydration.

64
Q

On hot dry days, plants close stomata, which reduces?

A

evaporative water loss and prevents gas exchange.

65
Q

When stomata are closed, CO2?

A

levels are reduced and O2 accumulates

66
Q

C3 plants

A

initial fixation of CO2 (via rubisco), forms 3-phosphoglycerate

67
Q

Photorespiration

A

rubisco fixes O2 instead of CO2 releasing CO2 without producing O2, ATP, or sugar

68
Q

Photorespiration may provide some ____ that builds up when the ____.

A

protection against light damage, Calvin cycle slows

69
Q

C4 plants

A

CO2 is fixed in mesophyll cells and Calvin cycle runs in bundle-sheath cells.

70
Q

CAM plants

A

Open stomata at night and incorporate CO2 into organic acid

71
Q

C4 and CAM plants are similar because?

A

both incorporate CO2 into organic intermediates before Calvin cycle

72
Q

In C4 plants, carbon fixation and Calvin cycle occur in?

A

different cells

73
Q

In CAM plants, carbon fixation and Calvin cycle occur at?

A

different times of the day

AP Biology (9 decks)

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