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AP Biology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

photosynthesis

A

converts solar power into chemical energy

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2
Q

autotrophs

A

get energy from nonliving sources

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3
Q

autotrophs are ____?

A

producers

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4
Q

producers

A

make organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules

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5
Q

heterotrophs

A

obtain energy from other organims

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6
Q

heterotrophs depend directly or indirectly on photoautotrophs for?

A

food and O2

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7
Q

chloroplasts of eukaryotes likely evolved from?

A

photosynthetic bacteria

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8
Q

_____ enters and _____ exits through stomata.

A

CO2, O2

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9
Q

Chloroplasts are mainly found in?

A

mesophyll cells

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10
Q

mesophyll

A

interior tissue of leaf

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11
Q

thylakoid

A

suspended in stroma and composed of sacs

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12
Q

the color of leaves come from?

A

chlorophyll

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13
Q

Chloroplasts split H2O into _______ and ______, incorporating the electrons of _____ into _____ molecules and releasing _____.

A

hydrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, sugar, O2

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14
Q

Photosynthesis does what to electron flow compared to cellular respiration?

A

reveres the direction

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15
Q

photosynthesis is a ____ process, in which ___ is oxidized, _____ is reduced.

A

redox, H2O, CO2

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16
Q

Photosynthesis is a ______ reaction.

A

endergonic

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17
Q

2 steps of photosynthesis

A

light reactions, photosynthesis

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18
Q

The electron acceptor NADP+ is reduced to?

A

NADPH

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19
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

ATP is generated by adding a phosphate group to ADP

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20
Q

The Calvin cycle produces?

A

sugar from CO2 with help from NADPH and ATP

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21
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

CO2 is incorporated into organic molecule

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22
Q

Wavelength

A

distance between crests of electromagnetic waves

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23
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

entire range of wavelengths

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24
Q

Visible light consists of waves lengths ____ to ______

A

380nm, 750nm

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25
photosynthesis is powered by ____
visible light
26
photons
light behaves as discrete particles
27
Pigments
absorb visible light
28
waves that are not absorbed are?
reflected or transmitted
29
spectrophotometer
measures a pigments ability to absorb different wavelengths
30
absorption spectrum
plots a pigment's light absorption vs wavelength
31
chlorophyll a absorbs?
violet-blue and red
32
What is the main photosynthetic pigment?
chlorophyll a
33
carotenoids
absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll
34
when pigments absorb light, an electron is elevated from?
ground state to excited state
35
fluorescence
electrons fall down, releasing photons
36
photo system
reaction-center complex surrounded by light harvesting complexes
37
light harvesting complexes
transfer the energy of photons to reaction center
38
light harvesting complexes are composed of?
pigment molecules bound to proteins
39
reaction center complex
association of proteins holding a pair of chlorophyll a and a primary electron acceptor.
40
First steps of light reactions
chlorophyll a transfers an excited electron to the primary electron acceptor.
41
What occurs in the reaction center is a?
redox reaction
42
Photosystem II is best at absorbing what wavelength?
680nm
43
P680
the reaction center of chlorophyll a of PSll
44
Photosystem l is best at absorbing what wavelength?
700 nm
45
P700
the reaction center of chlorophyll a of PSl.
46
how are P680 and P700 different?
associated with different proteins.
47
Linear electron flow
flow of electrons through photosystems.
48
what is produced in linear electron flow?
ATP and NADPH
49
Electrons are passed down an ________ from PSll to PS1 releasing ____ to form ______.
electrons transport chain, energy, a protein gradient across the thylakoid membrane.
50
chloroplast and mitochondria generate _ by the same mechanisms.
ATP
51
The light reactions of photosynthesis generate _____ and increase the _____ of electrons by moving them from _____.
ATP, potential energy, H2O to NADPH
52
The Calvin cycle is ____?
anabolic
53
Calvin Cycle
uses energy from ATP and reducing power of NADPH to build sugar.
54
Carbon enters the cycle as ___ and leaves as ___
CO2, Glyceraldahyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
55
For the net synthesis of 1 G3P, the cycle must?
take place 3 times, fixing 3 molecules of CO2.
56
3 phases of the Calvin Cycle
-Carbon Fixation -Reduction -REgeneration of the CO2 acceptor
57
Phase 1
carbon fixation forms 6 carbon molecule by combining CO2 and RuBP
58
ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)
5 carbon sugar
59
RuBP oxygenase/carboxylase catalyzes?
Phase 1
60
Phase 2
phosphorylation of 3-phosphoglycerate to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate which is then reduced to G3P.
61
____ ATP and ______ NADH are required to produce _____ but only ____ exits the cycle for use by the cell.
6, 6, 6 G3P, 1
62
Phase 3
Rearrangement of the 5 remaining G3P molecules to regenerate CO2 acceptor RuBP.
63
Since the move to land 475 million years ago, plants have been?
adapting to the problem of dehydration.
64
On hot dry days, plants close stomata, which reduces?
evaporative water loss and prevents gas exchange.
65
When stomata are closed, CO2?
levels are reduced and O2 accumulates
66
C3 plants
initial fixation of CO2 (via rubisco), forms 3-phosphoglycerate
67
Photorespiration
rubisco fixes O2 instead of CO2 releasing CO2 without producing O2, ATP, or sugar
68
Photorespiration may provide some ____ that builds up when the ____.
protection against light damage, Calvin cycle slows
69
C4 plants
CO2 is fixed in mesophyll cells and Calvin cycle runs in bundle-sheath cells.
70
CAM plants
Open stomata at night and incorporate CO2 into organic acid
71
C4 and CAM plants are similar because?
both incorporate CO2 into organic intermediates before Calvin cycle
72
In C4 plants, carbon fixation and Calvin cycle occur in?
different cells
73
In CAM plants, carbon fixation and Calvin cycle occur at?
different times of the day

AP Biology (19 decks)

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