Biochemistry Flashcards
Biologists explore life from the ___ to the ______ scale?
Microscopic, global
Evolution accounts for?
Life’s unity and diversity
Biologists use what to explore life?
Various forms of inquiry
Biology
Scientific study of life
Biosphere
The sum of all ecosystems and where life exists, also known as the ecosphere
Ecosystem
An area where living and nonliving things work together to form a bubble of life
Community
A group of populations of multiple different species occupying the same area.
Population
A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and produce fertile offspring
Organism
An individual living thing, consisting of one or more cells
Organ
Specialized center of body function, composed of different types of tissue.
Organ system
A group of organs that work together and perform vital body functions.
Tissues
Integrated group of cells with a common structure, function or both.
Cells
Life’s fundamental units of structure and function, the smallest units of organization that can perform all activities for life
Organelles
Membrane enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells
Molecule
Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
How do DNA nucleotides relate to proteins?
All forms of life use the same genetic code which allows the engineering of cells to produce protein.
How many kids of DNA nucleotides are there?
4
What type of diverse specialist might be involved in a systems biology team?
Biochemists
How can systems biology impact medical practice?
Personalizing medicine for individuals
What are the main criteria for separating plants, fungi, and animals kingdoms?
Separated based on molecular data, which is then split into three domains.
What are the 3 domains?
Domain archaea, domain bacteria, and domain eukarya.
Darwin’s theory of natural selection through evolution
Organisms with the best traits for an environment will continue to evolve.
Heritable information
DNA, which is responsible for making each person unique.
Emergent properties of biological systems
Small parts of the biological system interact which results in creation of properties that individuals don’t have.
Regulation
Process that helps an organism maintain homeostasis
Interaction with the environment
Relationship between humans, mammals and the environment
Living organisms have variations but are?
United by certain factors
Evolution
Genetic material of population changes which results in new species
Structure and function
Concepts that describe the arrangement of components in an organism to help it work
Scientific inquiry
Problem solving method to help people understand scientific phenomenon
The core idea that makes sense of unity and all the diversity of life
Evolution
In an experiment similar to the mimicry experiment performed by the Pfennigs, a researcher found that there were more total predator attacks on model king snakes in areas with coral snakes than in areas outside the range of coral snakes. From this the researcher concluded that
the data should be compared to draw a conclusion with a control comparison with the number of attacks on model brown snakes.
Why can a hypothesis never be “proven” to be true?
There may always be alternative hypothesis that accounts for the results not tested.
Which of the following is an example of positive feedback regulation?
In the birth of a baby, uterine contractions, stimulate release of chemicals that stimulate more uterine contractions
In a pond sample you find a unicellular organism that has numerous chloroplasts and a whiplike flagella. In which of the following groups do you think it should be classified?
One of the kingdoms of protists
Correct hierarchical levels
Molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organism
The difference between the mass number, and the atomic number of an atom is equal to the number of?
Neutrons
To move a shelf farther from the nucleus, an electron must ____ energy
absorb
Energy is ___ when an electron moves closer to the nucleus.
lost
Subatomic particles of an atom?
Protons, neutrons, electrons
Protons determine
Atomic number
Atomic number is constant for each?
Element
Protons and neutrons combine to get?
Mass number
Mass number differs in?
Isotopes
Why is water bent?
Oxygen’s shared and unshared electrons repel eachother
Electrons mass
Negligible
Proton mass
1 dalton
Neutron mass
1 dalton
Each element has its own characteristic atom in which
The atomic number is constant
Radioactive isotopes can be used in studies of metabolic pathways because
Their location or quantity can be determined by their radioactivity.
A reaction is in chemical equilibrium when?
The forward and reverse reactions are occurring at the same rate
A covalent bond between two atoms is likely to be polar if?
One of the atoms is much more electronegative than the other.
triple covalent bond would
Involve the sharing of 6 electrons
A cation
Has a positive charge
Which of the following weak bonds may form between any close aligned molecules?
Van der waals interactions
The ability of morphine to mimic the effects of the bodies endorphins is due to?
Molecular shape similarities that allow morphine to bind to a endorphin receptors
A sodium ion (Na+) contains 10 electrons, 11 protons, and 12 neutrons. What is the atomic number of sodium?
11
What type of bond would you expect potassium to form?
Ionic; it would donate one electron and carry a positive charge
What is the molecular shape of methane (CH4)?
Tetrahedral
Chlorine has an atomic number of 17 and a mass number of 35. How many electrons would a chloride ion have?
18
What is the difference between a molecule and a compound?
Compounds always consist of molecules, but molecules are not always compounds.
Hydrogen bonding between ____ and ____ results in temperature moderation.
Oxygen and hydrogen
Heat is ___ when bonds break
Absorbed
Heat is ____ when bonds form
Released
Hydrogen bonds break which results in high ____
Temperature
Water has a high?
Specific heat capacity
Specific heat capacity moderates?
Temperature changes
Cohesion and adhesion
Hydrogen bonds hold molecules together and adhere them to hydrophilic surface.
Example of cohesion and adhesion
Transportation of water from roots to leaves in plants
Specific heat capacity
Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1°C
Example of specific heat capacity
Temperate changes in environment and organisms are moderate
Heat of vaporization
Hydrogen bond must be broken for water to evaporate.
Example of heat of vaporization
If heat of vaporization was low, organisms would die because of disruption to the water cycle.
Evaporative cooling
Water molecules with high kinetic energy evaporate; remaining molecules are cooler.
Example of evaporative cooling
Animals would overheat because they could not sweat or pant.
Ice has _____ and ______?
Higher volume and lower density
Ice floating example
Helps protect aquatic life from freezing
Solution
Homogenous mixture which means solute and solvent distributed equally
Each water molecules is capable of forming?
4 Hydrogen bonds
Polarity of water molecules promotes?
Formation of hydrogen bonds
What accounts for the movement of water up the vessels of a tall tree? 4
Cohesion, adhesion, hydrogen bonding, hydrophilic vessel walls
Climates tend to be moderate near large bodies of water because?
The high specific heat of water helps to moderate air temperatures
Temperature is a measure of?
Average kinetic energy of molecules
Evaporative cooling is a result of?
the release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and water molecules escape.
Ice floats because?
Hydrogen bonds space the molecules farther apart, creating a less dense structure
The molarity of a solution is equal to?
The number of moles in 1 L of solution
How does pH 11 compare to pH 7?
It is 10,000 x more basic
Buffer
Releases excess OH-
What is least soluble in water?
Non polar molecules
Which would be the best method for reducing acid rain precipitation?
Tighten emission control standards for factories and automobiles.
What bonds must be broken for water to vaporize?
Hydrogen bonds
Why is water such an excellent solvent?
Since it is a polar, it can surround and dissolve ionic and polar molecules.
What mixed with water would form a colloid?
A large hydrophilic protein
Adding a base to a solution would?
Raise pH and decrease H+
A hydration shell is most likely to form around?
An ion and a sugar
