Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Biology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Living cells require ___ from outside sources.

A

energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Energy flows into an ecosystem as ______ and leaves as ____.

A

sunlight, heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Central process to cellular respiration

A

Catabolic pathways involving electron transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fermentation

A

partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cellular respiration

A

includes aerobic and anaerobic processes but often refers to aerobic respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

transfer of electrons during chemical reactions

A

releases energy stored in organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

redox reaction

A

chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

redox reactions are also called

A

oxidation-reduction reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

oxidation

A

a substance loses electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

reduction

A

a substance gains electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

reducing agent

A

electron donor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

oxidizing agent

A

electron acceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Some redox reactions do not transfer electrons but ______.

A

change the degree of electron sharing in covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

a redox reaction that moves electrons from less electronegative atom to a more electronegative atom ________.

A

releases energy that can be used to do work.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

during cellular respiration, fuel (such as __) is ______ and O2 is _____

A

glucose, oxidized, reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

As hydrogen (with its electrons) is transferred to oxygen, ________.

A

energy is released that can be used in ATP synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In cellular respiration, what is broken down in a series of steps?

A

glucose and other organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to?

A

NAD+, a coenzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

As an electron acceptor, ________ during cellular respiration.

A

NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

NADH

A

high energy electron carrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Each NADH represents?

A

stored energy tapped to make ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

NADH is the reduced form of?

A

NAD+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

dehydrogenases

A

enzymes that facilitate the transfer of two electrons and one hydrogen ion to NAD+ forming NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is released during dehydrogenases?
one hydrogen ion
26
NADH passes electrons to ____?
electron transport chain
27
electron transfer to oxygen occurs in ______ instead of one explosive reaction.
a series of energy-releasing steps
28
Reactants of cellular respiration
glucose and oxygen
29
Products of cellular respiration
carbon dioxide, water, ATP
29
glycolysis
breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate in the cytosol
30
pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
completes the breakdown of glucose in the mitochondrial matrix
31
oxidative phosphorylation
accounts for most of the ATP synthesis and occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
32
Oxidative phosphorylation function
transfer of inorganic phosphates to ATP
33
Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for?
almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration
34
What is formed by substrate level phosphorylation?
smaller amount of ATP formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
35
substrate level phosphorylation
an enzyme transfers a phosphate group directly from a substrate molecule of ADP.
36
Glycolysis breaks down glucose into?
two molecules of pyruvate
37
glycolysis occurs in?
cytoplasm
38
2 major phases of glycolysis
-energy investment phase -energy payoff phase
39
What is the net energy yield per glucose molecule?
2 ATP plus 2 NADH
40
Glycolysis occurs whether or not ______ is present.
O2
41
If O2 is present in glycolysis then
the energy stored in pyruvate and NADH is extracted by pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
42
In eukaryotic cells, if O2 is present then____.
pyruvate enters the mitochondira to complete glucose oxidation
43
_______ is released and _____ is converted to ____ before entering the citric acid cycle.
CO2, pyruvate, acetyl coenzyme A
44
Another name for acetyl coenzyme A?
acetyl Co A
45
Glucose oxidation yields ____per pyruvate
1 NADH
46
Glucose oxidation yields ____ per glucose molecule
2 NADH
47
The citric acid cycle
completes the breakdown of pyruvate to CO2
48
Each turn of the citric acid cycle does what?
oxidizes molecules derived from one pyruvate molecule.
49
How many turns does the citric acid cycle do?
2
50
What does the citric acid cycle produce per glucose molecule?
2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2
51
The acetyl group of acetyl Co A joins the citric acid cycle by?
combining with oxaloacetate forming citrate
52
The NADH and FADH2 produced by the cycle relay?
electrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain.
53
Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle only produce ____.
4 ATP molecules by substrate-level phosphorylation
54
What accounts for most of the energy extracted from glucose?
NADH and FADH2
55
NADH and FADH2 electron carriers donate _______ which powers ________.
electrons to the electron transport chain, ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation.
56
Where is the electron transport chain located in eukaryotic cells?
the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
57
Where is the electron transport chain located in prokaryotic cells?
plasma membrane
58
Most of the electron transport chains components are?
complexes of proteins with electron carriers numbered I to IV
59
Most of the proteins in the electron transport chain are?
cytochromes
60
cytochromes
proteins with attached heme groups that transport electrons and are involved in redox catalysis.
61
Electrons alternate between reduced and oxidized states as they?
accept and donate protons
62
What is not produced directly by the electron transport chain?
ATP
63
The energy released by electrons being transferred in the chain is used to?
pump H+ into the intermembrane space
64
The energy released by the electrons being transferred in the chain establishes?
an H+ gradient across the inter mitochondrial membrane
65
ATP synthase
H+ can only cross the inner membrane through protein complexes
66
ATP synthase uses ______ to drive phosphorylation of ATP.
exergonic flow of H+
67
ATP synthase driving the phosphorylation of ATP is an example of?
chemiosmosis
68
chemiosmosis
the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work.
69
The H+ gradient is referred to as a?
proton-motive force
70
proton-motive force
emphasizing its capacity to do work
71
The remaining energy from glucose other than ATP is ____?
lost as heat
72
What will stop operating without oxygen?
electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
73
alcohol fermentation
pyruvate is converted to ethanol
74
2 steps of alcohol fermentation
-acetaldehyde is formed -acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol.
75
Acetaldehyde
CO2 is released from pyruvate
76
In alcohol fermentation, NADH is oxidized regenerating?
NAD+
77
Lactic acid fermentation
pyruvate is converted directly to lactate without producing CO2
78
lactate
an ionized form of lactic acid
79
In fermentation, aerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration what is the oxidizing agent?
NAD+
80
NAD+ does what during glycolysis?
accepts electrons from food
81
How does NADH oxidation differ in fermentation?
the final electron acceptor is an organic molecules such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde.
82
How does NADH differ in cellular respiration?
electrons are transferred from NADH to a carrier molecule in the ETC
83
obligate anaerobes
use only fermentation or anaerobic respiration, cannot survive in presence of O2
84
facultative anaerobes
yeast and many bacteria use cellular respiration in the presence of O2 or fermentation when O2 is not present
85
As glycolysis is the most common metabolic pathway, it likely?
evolved early in the history of life
86
Due to low O2 availability on early earth, early _?
prokaryotes likely relied entirely on glycolysis.
87
Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, indicating that it likely evolved?
before mitochondria
88
beta oxidation
fatty acids are broken down to two-carbon fragments
89
beta oxidation yields
acetyl CoA
90
What is oxygen's role in oxidative phosphorylation?
maintains a low H+ gradient in the matrix because oxygen is the final e- acceptor making H2O

AP Biology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions