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AP Biology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Living cells require ___ from outside sources.

A

energy

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2
Q

Energy flows into an ecosystem as ______ and leaves as ____.

A

sunlight, heat

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3
Q

Central process to cellular respiration

A

Catabolic pathways involving electron transfer

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4
Q

Fermentation

A

partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2.

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5
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP

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6
Q

Cellular respiration

A

includes aerobic and anaerobic processes but often refers to aerobic respiration.

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7
Q

transfer of electrons during chemical reactions

A

releases energy stored in organic molecules

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8
Q

redox reaction

A

chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants

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9
Q

redox reactions are also called

A

oxidation-reduction reactions

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10
Q

oxidation

A

a substance loses electrons

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11
Q

reduction

A

a substance gains electrons

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12
Q

reducing agent

A

electron donor

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13
Q

oxidizing agent

A

electron acceptor

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14
Q

Some redox reactions do not transfer electrons but ______.

A

change the degree of electron sharing in covalent bonds

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15
Q

a redox reaction that moves electrons from less electronegative atom to a more electronegative atom ________.

A

releases energy that can be used to do work.

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16
Q

during cellular respiration, fuel (such as __) is ______ and O2 is _____

A

glucose, oxidized, reduced

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17
Q

As hydrogen (with its electrons) is transferred to oxygen, ________.

A

energy is released that can be used in ATP synthesis

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18
Q

In cellular respiration, what is broken down in a series of steps?

A

glucose and other organic molecules

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19
Q

electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to?

A

NAD+, a coenzyme

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20
Q

As an electron acceptor, ________ during cellular respiration.

A

NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent

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21
Q

NADH

A

high energy electron carrier

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22
Q

Each NADH represents?

A

stored energy tapped to make ATP

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23
Q

NADH is the reduced form of?

A

NAD+

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24
Q

dehydrogenases

A

enzymes that facilitate the transfer of two electrons and one hydrogen ion to NAD+ forming NADH

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25
Q

What is released during dehydrogenases?

A

one hydrogen ion

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26
Q

NADH passes electrons to ____?

A

electron transport chain

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27
Q

electron transfer to oxygen occurs in ______ instead of one explosive reaction.

A

a series of energy-releasing steps

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28
Q

Reactants of cellular respiration

A

glucose and oxygen

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29
Q

Products of cellular respiration

A

carbon dioxide, water, ATP

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29
Q

glycolysis

A

breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate in the cytosol

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30
Q

pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle

A

completes the breakdown of glucose in the mitochondrial matrix

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31
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

accounts for most of the ATP synthesis and occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

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32
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation function

A

transfer of inorganic phosphates to ATP

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33
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for?

A

almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration

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34
Q

What is formed by substrate level phosphorylation?

A

smaller amount of ATP formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

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35
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

an enzyme transfers a phosphate group directly from a substrate molecule of ADP.

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36
Q

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into?

A

two molecules of pyruvate

37
Q

glycolysis occurs in?

A

cytoplasm

38
Q

2 major phases of glycolysis

A

-energy investment phase
-energy payoff phase

39
Q

What is the net energy yield per glucose molecule?

A

2 ATP plus 2 NADH

40
Q

Glycolysis occurs whether or not ______ is present.

A

O2

41
Q

If O2 is present in glycolysis then

A

the energy stored in pyruvate and NADH is extracted by pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

42
Q

In eukaryotic cells, if O2 is present then____.

A

pyruvate enters the mitochondira to complete glucose oxidation

43
Q

_______ is released and _____ is converted to ____ before entering the citric acid cycle.

A

CO2, pyruvate, acetyl coenzyme A

44
Q

Another name for acetyl coenzyme A?

A

acetyl Co A

45
Q

Glucose oxidation yields ____per pyruvate

A

1 NADH

46
Q

Glucose oxidation yields ____ per glucose molecule

A

2 NADH

47
Q

The citric acid cycle

A

completes the breakdown of pyruvate to CO2

48
Q

Each turn of the citric acid cycle does what?

A

oxidizes molecules derived from one pyruvate molecule.

49
Q

How many turns does the citric acid cycle do?

A

2

50
Q

What does the citric acid cycle produce per glucose molecule?

A

2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2

51
Q

The acetyl group of acetyl Co A joins the citric acid cycle by?

A

combining with oxaloacetate forming citrate

52
Q

The NADH and FADH2 produced by the cycle relay?

A

electrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain.

53
Q

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle only produce ____.

A

4 ATP molecules by substrate-level phosphorylation

54
Q

What accounts for most of the energy extracted from glucose?

A

NADH and FADH2

55
Q

NADH and FADH2 electron carriers donate _______ which powers ________.

A

electrons to the electron transport chain, ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation.

56
Q

Where is the electron transport chain located in eukaryotic cells?

A

the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

57
Q

Where is the electron transport chain located in prokaryotic cells?

A

plasma membrane

58
Q

Most of the electron transport chains components are?

A

complexes of proteins with electron carriers numbered I to IV

59
Q

Most of the proteins in the electron transport chain are?

A

cytochromes

60
Q

cytochromes

A

proteins with attached heme groups that transport electrons and are involved in redox catalysis.

61
Q

Electrons alternate between reduced and oxidized states as they?

A

accept and donate protons

62
Q

What is not produced directly by the electron transport chain?

A

ATP

63
Q

The energy released by electrons being transferred in the chain is used to?

A

pump H+ into the intermembrane space

64
Q

The energy released by the electrons being transferred in the chain establishes?

A

an H+ gradient across the inter mitochondrial membrane

65
Q

ATP synthase

A

H+ can only cross the inner membrane through protein complexes

66
Q

ATP synthase uses ______ to drive phosphorylation of ATP.

A

exergonic flow of H+

67
Q

ATP synthase driving the phosphorylation of ATP is an example of?

A

chemiosmosis

68
Q

chemiosmosis

A

the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work.

69
Q

The H+ gradient is referred to as a?

A

proton-motive force

70
Q

proton-motive force

A

emphasizing its capacity to do work

71
Q

The remaining energy from glucose other than ATP is ____?

A

lost as heat

72
Q

What will stop operating without oxygen?

A

electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

73
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

pyruvate is converted to ethanol

74
Q

2 steps of alcohol fermentation

A

-acetaldehyde is formed
-acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol.

75
Q

Acetaldehyde

A

CO2 is released from pyruvate

76
Q

In alcohol fermentation, NADH is oxidized regenerating?

A

NAD+

77
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate is converted directly to lactate without producing CO2

78
Q

lactate

A

an ionized form of lactic acid

79
Q

In fermentation, aerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration what is the oxidizing agent?

A

NAD+

80
Q

NAD+ does what during glycolysis?

A

accepts electrons from food

81
Q

How does NADH oxidation differ in fermentation?

A

the final electron acceptor is an organic molecules such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde.

82
Q

How does NADH differ in cellular respiration?

A

electrons are transferred from NADH to a carrier molecule in the ETC

83
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

use only fermentation or anaerobic respiration, cannot survive in presence of O2

84
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

yeast and many bacteria use cellular respiration in the presence of O2 or fermentation when O2 is not present

85
Q

As glycolysis is the most common metabolic pathway, it likely?

A

evolved early in the history of life

86
Q

Due to low O2 availability on early earth, early _?

A

prokaryotes likely relied entirely on glycolysis.

87
Q

Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, indicating that it likely evolved?

A

before mitochondria

88
Q

beta oxidation

A

fatty acids are broken down to two-carbon fragments

89
Q

beta oxidation yields

A

acetyl CoA

90
Q

What is oxygen’s role in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

maintains a low H+ gradient in the matrix because oxygen is the final e- acceptor making H2O

AP Biology (8 decks)

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