Chapter 3 Flashcards
Organic Compound
A compound containing carbon.
Critically important molecules of all living things?
-Carbohydrates
-Lipids
-Nucleic Acids
-Proteins
What can macromolecules be formed out of?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins.
Hydrocarbons
organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.
Hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release?
large amounts of energy
Isomers
compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structure.
structural isomers
Differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms.
cis-trans isomers
molecules that have the same formula but different orientation of the functional groups.
The subtle differences in shape between cis-trans isomers can greatly affect the?
activities of organic molecules
Enantiomers
Isomers that are mirror images of one another.
In enantiomers, usually only?
one isomer is biologically active
functional groups
chemical groups that affect molecular function by being involved in chemical reactions.
7 important functional groups?
-Hydroxyl Group
-Carbonyl Group
-Carboxyl Group
-Amino Group
-Sulfhydryl Group
-Phosphate Group
-Methyl Group
Way to memorize 7 functional groups?
HAMPCCS
ATP stands for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP
source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.
what has an important function in the cell?
ATP
polymer
long chains made up of monomers.
monomers
small building block molecules
Dehydration synthesis
two monomers bond together, releasing a H2O molecule
Hydrolysis
Polymers are disassembled into monomers by adding H2O.
Dehydration reaction and hydrolysis are facilitated by?
enzymes
Macromolecules vary among?
cells of an organism, in a species, and between species.
Carbohydrates include?
sugars and the polymers of sugars
Simplest carbohydrates
monosaccharides or simple sugars
Carbohydrate molecules are?
polysaccharides
Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are multiples of?
(CH2O)n
What is most common monosaccharide?
C6H12O6
Monosaccharides are classified by ?
number of carbons in the carbon skeleton and the placement of the carbonyl group
Monosaccharides serve as?
nutrients for cells and building material for molecules.
disaccharide
dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides.
glycosidic linkage
The covalent bond between the disaccharide.
polysaccharides have?
storage and structural roles
starch
a storage polysaccharide of plants
what does starch entirely consist of?
glucose monomers
glycogen
storage polysaccharide in animals
humans and other vertebrae store glycogen in?
liver and muscle cells
Cellulose is a?
polysaccharide
cellulose
component of the walls that enclose plant cells
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose but?
the glycosidic linkages make it have a 2 ring structure
Where are glucose monomers arranged in alpha conformation?
starch
Where are monomers arranged in the beta conformation?
cellulose
Parallel cellulose molecules are held together by?
hydrogen bonds
parallel cellulose molecules held together are grouped into?
microfibrils
microfibrils
form strong building materials for plants
Cellulose in human food is?
insoluble
chitin
structural polysaccharide, found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and fly wings.
Lipids do not form?
true polymers
Unifying feature of lipids?
little to no affinity for water
fatty acid consists of?
carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
Fats separate from water because?
water molecules hydrogen bond to each other and exclude fats
Saturated Fatty Acids
Have the maximum # of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Have one or more double bonds
Saturated fats are ______ at room temp?
solid
Example of saturated fats
most animal fats
example of unsaturated fats
Usually plant and Fish fats
By adding hydrogen to solidify unsaturated fats, what is produced?
trans fats
What kind of bond do trans fats have?
trans double bonds
What contributes to coronary heart disease?
trans fats
What is the major function of lipids?
energy storage
phospholipid
two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to a glycerol
Phospholipids are major constituents of?
cell membranes
What happens when phospholipids are added to water?
They self assemble into a bilayer found in the cell membrane.
How is phospholipid bilayer arranged?
Hydrophobic tails pointing toward the interior.
Steroids
Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.
Example of steroid
cholesterol
Cholesterol is a component in?
animal cell membranes
life would not be possible without?
enzymes
Enzymatic proteins act as?
catalysts
catalysts
speed up reactions without being consumed.
polypeptides
unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids
protein
molecule consisting of 1 or more polypeptides.
amino acids
organic molecules with carboxyl and amino group
How do amino acids differ in their properties?
differing side chains, called R groups
Amino acids are linked by?
peptide bonds
Each polypeptide has a unique linear sequence of amino acids with?
a carboxyl end and amino end.
carboxyl end
C-terminus
amino end
N-terminus
What determines a protein function?
structure
Three superimposed levels of structure for proteins?
primary, secondary, and tertiary structure
primary structure of a protein
consists of a unique sequence of amino acids
Secondary structure of a protein
consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain due to hydrogen bonding
Secondary structure includes?
alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
Tertiary structure of a protein
3-D globular protein, determined by the interactions among various side chains (R groups)
Amino acids with non polar side chains end up where?
in the core of the protein
Disulphide bridges
form between the sulfurs of 2 cysteines
Quaternary structure of a protein
protein consisting of multiple polypeptide chains
Sickle-cell disease
An inherited blood disorder which results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin.
denaturation
the loss of a protein’s native structure
Scientists use X-ray crystallography to determine?
3-D protein structures based on diffraction of atoms in a crystallized molecule.
Genes are made of?
DNA
DNA
nucleic acid made of monomers
The monomers in DNA are called?
nucleotides
Two types of nucleic acids
-Deoxyribonucleic acid
-Ribonucleic acid
Gene Expression
DNA -> mRNA -> protein synthesis.
Polynucleotides
nucleic acids which are polymers
Each polynucleotides is made of monomers called?
nucleotides
What does a nucleotide consists of?
-nitrogenous base
-pentose sugar
-one or more phosphate groups
Two families of nitrogenous bases
-Pyrimidines
-Purines
Pyrimidines
single ring including cytosine, thymine, and uracil
Purines
double ring including adenine and guanine
Sugar in DNA
deoxyribose
Sugar in RNA
Ribose
Double Helix
two polynucleotides spiral around an imaginary axis
Antiparallel
The arrangement in which the double helix of DNA’s two backbones run in opposite 5’-3’ directions.
nucleic acids
store and transfer hereditary information
Lipids make up what
the cell membrane
Dehydration reaction _____ energy and hydrolysis _____ energy.
require, release
What is a monosaccharide?
one sugar
What is a polysaccharide?
polymers composed of many monosaccharides
What are lipids made out of?
1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids
What is ATP made out of?
nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups
Building blocks of protein
amino acids
Elements of Proteins
C,H,O,N,S
Example of lipids
fats, phospholipids, steroids
What do proteins do?
provide cell structure
What do nucleic acids do?
store and pass on genetics information.
Elements of Nucleic acids
C,H,O,N,P
Elements of Lipids and Carbohydrates
C,H,O
amino acids= ________
Nucleic acids= __________
proteins, DNA
Phospholipids are composed of?
glycerol, phosphate group, 2 fatty acids
