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AP Biology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organic Compound

A

A compound containing carbon.

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2
Q

Critically important molecules of all living things?

A

-Carbohydrates
-Lipids
-Nucleic Acids
-Proteins

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3
Q

What can macromolecules be formed out of?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins.

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4
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.

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5
Q

Hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release?

A

large amounts of energy

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6
Q

Isomers

A

compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structure.

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7
Q

structural isomers

A

Differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms.

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8
Q

cis-trans isomers

A

molecules that have the same formula but different orientation of the functional groups.

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9
Q

The subtle differences in shape between cis-trans isomers can greatly affect the?

A

activities of organic molecules

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10
Q

Enantiomers

A

Isomers that are mirror images of one another.

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11
Q

In enantiomers, usually only?

A

one isomer is biologically active

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12
Q

functional groups

A

chemical groups that affect molecular function by being involved in chemical reactions.

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13
Q

7 important functional groups?

A

-Hydroxyl Group
-Carbonyl Group
-Carboxyl Group
-Amino Group
-Sulfhydryl Group
-Phosphate Group
-Methyl Group

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14
Q

Way to memorize 7 functional groups?

A

HAMPCCS

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15
Q

ATP stands for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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16
Q

ATP

A

source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.

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17
Q

what has an important function in the cell?

A

ATP

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18
Q

polymer

A

long chains made up of monomers.

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19
Q

monomers

A

small building block molecules

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20
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

two monomers bond together, releasing a H2O molecule

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21
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Polymers are disassembled into monomers by adding H2O.

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22
Q

Dehydration reaction and hydrolysis are facilitated by?

A

enzymes

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23
Q

Macromolecules vary among?

A

cells of an organism, in a species, and between species.

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24
Q

Carbohydrates include?

A

sugars and the polymers of sugars

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25
Q

Simplest carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides or simple sugars

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26
Q

Carbohydrate molecules are?

A

polysaccharides

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27
Q

Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are multiples of?

A

(CH2O)n

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28
Q

What is most common monosaccharide?

A

C6H12O6

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29
Q

Monosaccharides are classified by ?

A

number of carbons in the carbon skeleton and the placement of the carbonyl group

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30
Q

Monosaccharides serve as?

A

nutrients for cells and building material for molecules.

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31
Q

disaccharide

A

dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides.

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32
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

The covalent bond between the disaccharide.

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33
Q

polysaccharides have?

A

storage and structural roles

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34
Q

starch

A

a storage polysaccharide of plants

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35
Q

what does starch entirely consist of?

A

glucose monomers

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36
Q

glycogen

A

storage polysaccharide in animals

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37
Q

humans and other vertebrae store glycogen in?

A

liver and muscle cells

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38
Q

Cellulose is a?

A

polysaccharide

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39
Q

cellulose

A

component of the walls that enclose plant cells

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40
Q

Cellulose is a polymer of glucose but?

A

the glycosidic linkages make it have a 2 ring structure

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41
Q

Where are glucose monomers arranged in alpha conformation?

A

starch

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42
Q

Where are monomers arranged in the beta conformation?

A

cellulose

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43
Q

Parallel cellulose molecules are held together by?

A

hydrogen bonds

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44
Q

parallel cellulose molecules held together are grouped into?

A

microfibrils

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45
Q

microfibrils

A

form strong building materials for plants

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46
Q

Cellulose in human food is?

A

insoluble

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47
Q

chitin

A

structural polysaccharide, found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and fly wings.

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48
Q

Lipids do not form?

A

true polymers

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49
Q

Unifying feature of lipids?

A

little to no affinity for water

50
Q

fatty acid consists of?

A

carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

51
Q

Fats separate from water because?

A

water molecules hydrogen bond to each other and exclude fats

52
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A

Have the maximum # of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

53
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

Have one or more double bonds

54
Q

Saturated fats are ______ at room temp?

A

solid

55
Q

Example of saturated fats

A

most animal fats

56
Q

example of unsaturated fats

A

Usually plant and Fish fats

57
Q

By adding hydrogen to solidify unsaturated fats, what is produced?

A

trans fats

58
Q

What kind of bond do trans fats have?

A

trans double bonds

59
Q

What contributes to coronary heart disease?

A

trans fats

60
Q

What is the major function of lipids?

A

energy storage

61
Q

phospholipid

A

two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to a glycerol

62
Q

Phospholipids are major constituents of?

A

cell membranes

63
Q

What happens when phospholipids are added to water?

A

They self assemble into a bilayer found in the cell membrane.

64
Q

How is phospholipid bilayer arranged?

A

Hydrophobic tails pointing toward the interior.

65
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.

66
Q

Example of steroid

A

cholesterol

67
Q

Cholesterol is a component in?

A

animal cell membranes

68
Q

life would not be possible without?

A

enzymes

69
Q

Enzymatic proteins act as?

A

catalysts

70
Q

catalysts

A

speed up reactions without being consumed.

71
Q

polypeptides

A

unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids

72
Q

protein

A

molecule consisting of 1 or more polypeptides.

73
Q

amino acids

A

organic molecules with carboxyl and amino group

74
Q

How do amino acids differ in their properties?

A

differing side chains, called R groups

75
Q

Amino acids are linked by?

A

peptide bonds

76
Q

Each polypeptide has a unique linear sequence of amino acids with?

A

a carboxyl end and amino end.

77
Q

carboxyl end

A

C-terminus

78
Q

amino end

A

N-terminus

79
Q

What determines a protein function?

A

structure

80
Q

Three superimposed levels of structure for proteins?

A

primary, secondary, and tertiary structure

81
Q

primary structure of a protein

A

consists of a unique sequence of amino acids

82
Q

Secondary structure of a protein

A

consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain due to hydrogen bonding

83
Q

Secondary structure includes?

A

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

84
Q

Tertiary structure of a protein

A

3-D globular protein, determined by the interactions among various side chains (R groups)

85
Q

Amino acids with non polar side chains end up where?

A

in the core of the protein

86
Q

Disulphide bridges

A

form between the sulfurs of 2 cysteines

87
Q

Quaternary structure of a protein

A

protein consisting of multiple polypeptide chains

88
Q

Sickle-cell disease

A

An inherited blood disorder which results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin.

89
Q

denaturation

A

the loss of a protein’s native structure

90
Q

Scientists use X-ray crystallography to determine?

A

3-D protein structures based on diffraction of atoms in a crystallized molecule.

91
Q

Genes are made of?

A

DNA

92
Q

DNA

A

nucleic acid made of monomers

93
Q

The monomers in DNA are called?

A

nucleotides

94
Q

Two types of nucleic acids

A

-Deoxyribonucleic acid
-Ribonucleic acid

95
Q

Gene Expression

A

DNA -> mRNA -> protein synthesis.

96
Q

Polynucleotides

A

nucleic acids which are polymers

97
Q

Each polynucleotides is made of monomers called?

A

nucleotides

98
Q

What does a nucleotide consists of?

A

-nitrogenous base
-pentose sugar
-one or more phosphate groups

99
Q

Two families of nitrogenous bases

A

-Pyrimidines
-Purines

100
Q

Pyrimidines

A

single ring including cytosine, thymine, and uracil

101
Q

Purines

A

double ring including adenine and guanine

102
Q

Sugar in DNA

A

deoxyribose

103
Q

Sugar in RNA

A

Ribose

104
Q

Double Helix

A

two polynucleotides spiral around an imaginary axis

105
Q

Antiparallel

A

The arrangement in which the double helix of DNA’s two backbones run in opposite 5’-3’ directions.

107
Q

nucleic acids

A

store and transfer hereditary information

107
Q

Lipids make up what

A

the cell membrane

108
Q

Dehydration reaction _____ energy and hydrolysis _____ energy.

A

require, release

109
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

one sugar

110
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

polymers composed of many monosaccharides

111
Q

What are lipids made out of?

A

1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids

112
Q

What is ATP made out of?

A

nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups

113
Q

Building blocks of protein

A

amino acids

114
Q

Elements of Proteins

A

C,H,O,N,S

115
Q

Example of lipids

A

fats, phospholipids, steroids

116
Q

What do proteins do?

A

provide cell structure

117
Q

What do nucleic acids do?

A

store and pass on genetics information.

118
Q

Elements of Nucleic acids

A

C,H,O,N,P

119
Q

Elements of Lipids and Carbohydrates

A

C,H,O

120
Q

amino acids= ________
Nucleic acids= __________

A

proteins, DNA

121
Q

Phospholipids are composed of?

A

glycerol, phosphate group, 2 fatty acids

AP Biology (8 decks)

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