Chapter 4 Flashcards
Light microscope (LM)
uses light and lenses to magnify the details of an object.
Organelles
membrane enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells
electron microscope (EM)
uses a beam of electrons as a source of illumination.
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
produces images by scanning the surface with a beam of electrons.
transmission electron microscope (TEM)
uses a beam of electrons to create an image of a thin specimen, such as a tissue section.
cell fractionation
separates the components of a cell so that scientists can study them individually.
Labeling molecules with _______ improves visualization of details?
fluorescent markers
In light Microscopy ___ can be distinguished.
10-20 μm
All cells are related by?
descent
Cells are the simplest collection of?
alive matter
cytosol
fluid that surrounds organelles
Where is DNA in eukaryotic cells?
nucleus
Where is DNA in prokaryotic cells?
nuceloid
nuceloid
area that contains genetic material
cytoplasm
fluid between cell membrane and nucleus
Difference between cytoplasm and cytosol.
Cytoplasm is inside cells and cytosol surrounds organelles
plasma membrane
selective barrier that allows for passage of nutrients, waste, and oxygen
What domains consist of prokaryotic cells?
bacteria and archea
Basic features of all cells (4)
-Plasma membrane
-Cytoplasm
-Chromosomes
-Ribosomes
Prokaryotic cells are characterized by? (3)
-No nucleus
-DNA in nuceloid
-No organelles
nucleus
contains most of eukaryotic cells genes
nuclear envelope
separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
nuclear lamina
net-like array of proteins that regulates activity in the nucleus.
The nuclear lamina supports?
nuclear envelope
chromosomes
package of DNA in cells
chromatin
mixture of DNA and proteins
nucleolus
dense structure in nucleus.
what are ribosomes made out of
RNA and protein
Ribosomes
carry out protein synthesis
Nuclear membrane
double membrane consisting of lipid bilayers
nuclear pores
regulate exit and entry of molecules
nuclear lamina is composed of?
protein filaments
Three locations of ribosome synthesis
cytosol
outside of ER
outside of nuclear envelope
endoplasmic reticulum
Sacs and tubes in cytoplasm that processes and transports proteins/lipids
Smooth ER
lacks ribosomes
Rough ER
stubbed with ribosomes
glycoproteins
proteins with carbohydrates covalently bonded to them
transport vesicles
Moves materials from one part of cell to another
Golgi Apparatus
Processes and packages vesicles to be used in and out of cell
lysosome
sac that digests macro molecules.
cis face
receiving side of golgi apparatus
trans face
shipping side of golgi apparatus
phagocytosis
phagocyte surround foreign substances and removes dead cells
phagocyte
type of white blood cell
vacuoles
large vesicles from ER and GA that provides waste disposal
vacuoles do what in plant cells
provide structure
contractile vaculoes
pump excess water out of cell
food vacuole
digests food particles
central vacuole
stores water in plant cells
What occurs in the nucelous?
Ribosomal RNA
Components of endomembrane system (6)
Lysosomes
ER
GA
nuclear envelope
Vacuoles
Plasma Membrane
How to remember components of endomembrane system
LEGNVP
how are components of endomembrane connected?
vesicles
What accounts for more than half of the total membrane in eukaryotic cells?
ER
functions of the smooth ER (4)
Synthesize lipids
stores calcium ions
Metabolize carbs
detoxify drugs and proteins
How to remember functions of smooth ER?
SSMD
Functions of rough ER (3)
Ribosomes secrete glycoproteins
distributes transport vesicles
membrane factory
what does golgi apparatus consist of?
cisternae
cisternae
flattened membranous sacs
functions of golgi apparatus (3)
Modifies products of the ER
Manufactures macromolecules
sorts and packages material into transport vesicles
hydrolytic enzymes
digest macromolecules
hydrolytic enzymes are in what?
lysosomes
where do lysosomal enzymes work best?
acidic environment
some cells can engulf other cells through?
Phagocytosis
lysosomes fuse with ______ and its enzymes _________
food vacuole, digest the molecule
lysosomes use enzymes to _______ the cells organelles and macromolecules.
recycle
food vacuoles are formed by?
phagocytosis
contractile vacuoles found in
freshwater protists
mitochondria
uses oxygen to produce ATP (cellular respiration)
chloroplasts
site of photosynthesis and produces energy
endosymbiotic theory
explains how organelles in eukaryotes originated from prokaryotes.
mitochondrial matrix
inner space of a mitochondria that contains enzymes and proteins
thylakoids
membrane bound compartments in chloroplasts that are responsible for photosynthesis.
granum
stacked thylakoids
stroma
fluid outside thylakoids
chloroplasts are closely related to?
plastids
peroxisome
produce hydrogen peroxide then break it down into water.
peroxisomes are ________ organelles.
oxidative
endosymbiotic theory examples (3)
-enveloped by double membrane
-contain ribosomes and DNA
-Grow and reproduce in cells
Mitochondria have a _____ outer membrane and an inner membrane ______.
smooth, folded into cristae
What are the two compartments of the inner membrane of a mitochondria?
intermembrane space, mitochondrial matrix
Cristae present _____ for enzymes that synthesize ATP.
a large surface area
cytoskeleton
network of protein fibers that gives structure to cells in the body.
motor proteins
covert energy into movement on microtubule track.
microtubules diameter
thickest
microtubules structure and compostion
hollow tubes, tubulin
centrosome
microtubule organizing center near nucleus
centrosome are present in?
animal cells
centrioles
pair in centrosome, each with 9 triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring
cilia and flagella
help organisms move in fluid
basal body
anchors the cilia or flagella
dynein
motor protein that drives bending movement of flagella or cilia
Microfilaments diameter
smallest
Microfilaments structure and compostion
two intertwined strands, actin
myosin
protein responsible for muscle contraction
What interacts to cause a muscle contraction?
actin filaments and myosin
intermediate filaments diameter
medium
intermediate filaments structure and composition
coiled into cables, several different proteins
The cytoskeleton provides _______ and interacts with _____.
anchorage for organelles, motor proteins
function of microtubles (3)
-support cell
-guide movement of organelles
-separate chromosomes during cell division
Flagella are limited to ___ per cell
one
Cilia occur in __ on cell surfaces
large numbers
common structure of cilia and flagella (3)
-basal body
-dynein
-microtubles
structural role of microfilaments
bear tension
Intermediate filaments are more _______ than the other two classes.
permanent cytoskeleton elements
The cell wall is a key feature in?
plant cells
primary cell wall
first and outermost layer
middle lamella
glues plant cells together due to pectins
pectin
sticky polysaccharide
secondary cell wall
thick layer between plasma membrane and primary wall
extracellular matrix (ECM)
network of proteins and other molecules that give structure to cells and tissues.
Main ingredients of ECM
glycoproteins and carbohydrate containing molecules
most abundant glycoprotein in ECM
collagen
Where are collagen fibers embedded?
network of proteoglycans
proteoglycan
core protein made of 95% carbs
integrins
cell-surface receptors in plasma membrane
Where does fibronectin bind?
integrin
ECM glycoprotein example
Fibronectin
plasmodesmata
cytosol filled channels that allow for communication between plant cells
animal cells lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate ______
extracellular matrix
3 glycoproteins in ECM
collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin
Intercellular junctions that facilitate ECM (4)
-Plasmodesmata
-Tight Junctions
-Desmosomes
-Gap junctions
Through plasmodesmata, _______ can pass from cell to cell.
water and small solutes
cell junctions are common in _____.
epithelial tissue
