Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Light microscope (LM)
A
uses light and lenses to magnify the details of an object.
2
Q
Organelles
A
membrane enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells
3
Q
electron microscope (EM)
A
uses a beam of electrons as a source of illumination.
4
Q
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
A
produces images by scanning the surface with a beam of electrons.
5
Q
transmission electron microscope (TEM)
A
uses a beam of electrons to create an image of a thin specimen, such as a tissue section.
6
Q
cell fractionation
A
separates the components of a cell so that scientists can study them individually.
7
Q
Labeling molecules with _______ improves visualization of details?
A
fluorescent markers
8
Q
In light Microscopy ___ can be distinguished.
A
10-20 μm
9
Q
All cells are related by?
A
descent
10
Q
Cells are the simplest collection of?
A
alive matter
11
Q
cytosol
A
fluid that surrounds organelles
12
Q
Where is DNA in eukaryotic cells?
A
nucleus
13
Q
Where is DNA in prokaryotic cells?
A
nuceloid
14
Q
nuceloid
A
area that contains genetic material
15
Q
cytoplasm
A
fluid between cell membrane and nucleus
16
Q
Difference between cytoplasm and cytosol.
A
Cytoplasm is inside cells and cytosol surrounds organelles
17
Q
plasma membrane
A
selective barrier that allows for passage of nutrients, waste, and oxygen
18
Q
What domains consist of prokaryotic cells?
A
bacteria and archea
19
Q
Basic features of all cells (4)
A
-Plasma membrane
-Cytoplasm
-Chromosomes
-Ribosomes
20
Q
Prokaryotic cells are characterized by? (3)
A
-No nucleus
-DNA in nuceloid
-No organelles
21
Q
nucleus
A
contains most of eukaryotic cells genes
22
Q
nuclear envelope
A
separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
23
Q
nuclear lamina
A
net-like array of proteins that regulates activity in the nucleus.
24
Q
The nuclear lamina supports?
A
nuclear envelope
25
chromosomes
package of DNA in cells
26
chromatin
mixture of DNA and proteins
27
nucleolus
dense structure in nucleus.
28
what are ribosomes made out of
RNA and protein
29
Ribosomes
carry out protein synthesis
30
Nuclear membrane
double membrane consisting of lipid bilayers
31
nuclear pores
regulate exit and entry of molecules
32
nuclear lamina is composed of?
protein filaments
33
Three locations of ribosome synthesis
cytosol
outside of ER
outside of nuclear envelope
34
endoplasmic reticulum
Sacs and tubes in cytoplasm that processes and transports proteins/lipids
35
Smooth ER
lacks ribosomes
36
Rough ER
stubbed with ribosomes
37
glycoproteins
proteins with carbohydrates covalently bonded to them
38
transport vesicles
Moves materials from one part of cell to another
39
Golgi Apparatus
Processes and packages vesicles to be used in and out of cell
40
lysosome
sac that digests macro molecules.
41
cis face
receiving side of golgi apparatus
42
trans face
shipping side of golgi apparatus
43
phagocytosis
phagocyte surround foreign substances and removes dead cells
44
phagocyte
type of white blood cell
45
vacuoles
large vesicles from ER and GA that provides waste disposal
46
vacuoles do what in plant cells
provide structure
47
contractile vaculoes
pump excess water out of cell
48
food vacuole
digests food particles
49
central vacuole
stores water in plant cells
50
What occurs in the nucelous?
Ribosomal RNA
51
Components of endomembrane system (6)
Lysosomes
ER
GA
nuclear envelope
Vacuoles
Plasma Membrane
52
How to remember components of endomembrane system
LEGNVP
53
how are components of endomembrane connected?
vesicles
54
What accounts for more than half of the total membrane in eukaryotic cells?
ER
55
functions of the smooth ER (4)
Synthesize lipids
stores calcium ions
Metabolize carbs
detoxify drugs and proteins
56
How to remember functions of smooth ER?
SSMD
57
Functions of rough ER (3)
Ribosomes secrete glycoproteins
distributes transport vesicles
membrane factory
58
what does golgi apparatus consist of?
cisternae
59
cisternae
flattened membranous sacs
60
functions of golgi apparatus (3)
Modifies products of the ER
Manufactures macromolecules
sorts and packages material into transport vesicles
61
hydrolytic enzymes
digest macromolecules
62
hydrolytic enzymes are in what?
lysosomes
63
where do lysosomal enzymes work best?
acidic environment
64
some cells can engulf other cells through?
Phagocytosis
65
lysosomes fuse with ______ and its enzymes _________
food vacuole, digest the molecule
66
lysosomes use enzymes to _______ the cells organelles and macromolecules.
recycle
67
food vacuoles are formed by?
phagocytosis
68
contractile vacuoles found in
freshwater protists
69
mitochondria
uses oxygen to produce ATP (cellular respiration)
70
chloroplasts
site of photosynthesis and produces energy
71
endosymbiotic theory
explains how organelles in eukaryotes originated from prokaryotes.
72
mitochondrial matrix
inner space of a mitochondria that contains enzymes and proteins
73
thylakoids
membrane bound compartments in chloroplasts that are responsible for photosynthesis.
74
granum
stacked thylakoids
75
stroma
fluid outside thylakoids
76
chloroplasts are closely related to?
plastids
77
peroxisome
produce hydrogen peroxide then break it down into water.
78
peroxisomes are ________ organelles.
oxidative
79
endosymbiotic theory examples (3)
-enveloped by double membrane
-contain ribosomes and DNA
-Grow and reproduce in cells
80
Mitochondria have a _____ outer membrane and an inner membrane ______.
smooth, folded into cristae
81
What are the two compartments of the inner membrane of a mitochondria?
intermembrane space, mitochondrial matrix
82
Cristae present _____ for enzymes that synthesize ATP.
a large surface area
83
cytoskeleton
network of protein fibers that gives structure to cells in the body.
84
motor proteins
covert energy into movement on microtubule track.
85
microtubules diameter
thickest
86
microtubules structure and compostion
hollow tubes, tubulin
87
centrosome
microtubule organizing center near nucleus
88
centrosome are present in?
animal cells
89
centrioles
pair in centrosome, each with 9 triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring
90
cilia and flagella
help organisms move in fluid
91
basal body
anchors the cilia or flagella
92
dynein
motor protein that drives bending movement of flagella or cilia
93
Microfilaments diameter
smallest
94
Microfilaments structure and compostion
two intertwined strands, actin
95
myosin
protein responsible for muscle contraction
96
What interacts to cause a muscle contraction?
actin filaments and myosin
97
intermediate filaments diameter
medium
98
intermediate filaments structure and composition
coiled into cables, several different proteins
99
The cytoskeleton provides _______ and interacts with _____.
anchorage for organelles, motor proteins
100
function of microtubles (3)
-support cell
-guide movement of organelles
-separate chromosomes during cell division
101
Flagella are limited to ___ per cell
one
102
Cilia occur in __ on cell surfaces
large numbers
103
common structure of cilia and flagella (3)
-basal body
-dynein
-microtubles
104
structural role of microfilaments
bear tension
105
Intermediate filaments are more _______ than the other two classes.
permanent cytoskeleton elements
106
The cell wall is a key feature in?
plant cells
107
primary cell wall
first and outermost layer
108
middle lamella
glues plant cells together due to pectins
109
pectin
sticky polysaccharide
110
secondary cell wall
thick layer between plasma membrane and primary wall
111
extracellular matrix (ECM)
network of proteins and other molecules that give structure to cells and tissues.
112
Main ingredients of ECM
glycoproteins and carbohydrate containing molecules
113
most abundant glycoprotein in ECM
collagen
114
Where are collagen fibers embedded?
network of proteoglycans
115
proteoglycan
core protein made of 95% carbs
116
integrins
cell-surface receptors in plasma membrane
117
Where does fibronectin bind?
integrin
118
ECM glycoprotein example
Fibronectin
119
plasmodesmata
cytosol filled channels that allow for communication between plant cells
120
animal cells lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate ______
extracellular matrix
121
3 glycoproteins in ECM
collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin
122
Intercellular junctions that facilitate ECM (4)
-Plasmodesmata
-Tight Junctions
-Desmosomes
-Gap junctions
123
Through plasmodesmata, _______ can pass from cell to cell.
water and small solutes
124
cell junctions are common in _____.
epithelial tissue
