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AP Biology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Light microscope (LM)

A

uses light and lenses to magnify the details of an object.

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2
Q

Organelles

A

membrane enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells

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3
Q

electron microscope (EM)

A

uses a beam of electrons as a source of illumination.

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4
Q

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A

produces images by scanning the surface with a beam of electrons.

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5
Q

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A

uses a beam of electrons to create an image of a thin specimen, such as a tissue section.

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6
Q

cell fractionation

A

separates the components of a cell so that scientists can study them individually.

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7
Q

Labeling molecules with _______ improves visualization of details?

A

fluorescent markers

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8
Q

In light Microscopy ___ can be distinguished.

A

10-20 μm

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9
Q

All cells are related by?

A

descent

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10
Q

Cells are the simplest collection of?

A

alive matter

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11
Q

cytosol

A

fluid that surrounds organelles

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12
Q

Where is DNA in eukaryotic cells?

A

nucleus

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13
Q

Where is DNA in prokaryotic cells?

A

nuceloid

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14
Q

nuceloid

A

area that contains genetic material

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15
Q

cytoplasm

A

fluid between cell membrane and nucleus

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16
Q

Difference between cytoplasm and cytosol.

A

Cytoplasm is inside cells and cytosol surrounds organelles

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17
Q

plasma membrane

A

selective barrier that allows for passage of nutrients, waste, and oxygen

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18
Q

What domains consist of prokaryotic cells?

A

bacteria and archea

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19
Q

Basic features of all cells (4)

A

-Plasma membrane
-Cytoplasm
-Chromosomes
-Ribosomes

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20
Q

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by? (3)

A

-No nucleus
-DNA in nuceloid
-No organelles

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21
Q

nucleus

A

contains most of eukaryotic cells genes

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22
Q

nuclear envelope

A

separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

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23
Q

nuclear lamina

A

net-like array of proteins that regulates activity in the nucleus.

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24
Q

The nuclear lamina supports?

A

nuclear envelope

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25
Q

chromosomes

A

package of DNA in cells

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26
Q

chromatin

A

mixture of DNA and proteins

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27
Q

nucleolus

A

dense structure in nucleus.

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28
Q

what are ribosomes made out of

A

RNA and protein

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29
Q

Ribosomes

A

carry out protein synthesis

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30
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

double membrane consisting of lipid bilayers

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31
Q

nuclear pores

A

regulate exit and entry of molecules

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32
Q

nuclear lamina is composed of?

A

protein filaments

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33
Q

Three locations of ribosome synthesis

A

cytosol
outside of ER
outside of nuclear envelope

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34
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

Sacs and tubes in cytoplasm that processes and transports proteins/lipids

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35
Q

Smooth ER

A

lacks ribosomes

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36
Q

Rough ER

A

stubbed with ribosomes

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37
Q

glycoproteins

A

proteins with carbohydrates covalently bonded to them

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38
Q

transport vesicles

A

Moves materials from one part of cell to another

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39
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Processes and packages vesicles to be used in and out of cell

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40
Q

lysosome

A

sac that digests macro molecules.

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41
Q

cis face

A

receiving side of golgi apparatus

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42
Q

trans face

A

shipping side of golgi apparatus

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43
Q

phagocytosis

A

phagocyte surround foreign substances and removes dead cells

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44
Q

phagocyte

A

type of white blood cell

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45
Q

vacuoles

A

large vesicles from ER and GA that provides waste disposal

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46
Q

vacuoles do what in plant cells

A

provide structure

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47
Q

contractile vaculoes

A

pump excess water out of cell

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48
Q

food vacuole

A

digests food particles

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49
Q

central vacuole

A

stores water in plant cells

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50
Q

What occurs in the nucelous?

A

Ribosomal RNA

51
Q

Components of endomembrane system (6)

A

Lysosomes
ER
GA
nuclear envelope
Vacuoles
Plasma Membrane

52
Q

How to remember components of endomembrane system

A

LEGNVP

53
Q

how are components of endomembrane connected?

A

vesicles

54
Q

What accounts for more than half of the total membrane in eukaryotic cells?

A

ER

55
Q

functions of the smooth ER (4)

A

Synthesize lipids
stores calcium ions
Metabolize carbs
detoxify drugs and proteins

56
Q

How to remember functions of smooth ER?

A

SSMD

57
Q

Functions of rough ER (3)

A

Ribosomes secrete glycoproteins
distributes transport vesicles
membrane factory

58
Q

what does golgi apparatus consist of?

A

cisternae

59
Q

cisternae

A

flattened membranous sacs

60
Q

functions of golgi apparatus (3)

A

Modifies products of the ER
Manufactures macromolecules
sorts and packages material into transport vesicles

61
Q

hydrolytic enzymes

A

digest macromolecules

62
Q

hydrolytic enzymes are in what?

A

lysosomes

63
Q

where do lysosomal enzymes work best?

A

acidic environment

64
Q

some cells can engulf other cells through?

A

Phagocytosis

65
Q

lysosomes fuse with ______ and its enzymes _________

A

food vacuole, digest the molecule

66
Q

lysosomes use enzymes to _______ the cells organelles and macromolecules.

A

recycle

67
Q

food vacuoles are formed by?

A

phagocytosis

68
Q

contractile vacuoles found in

A

freshwater protists

69
Q

mitochondria

A

uses oxygen to produce ATP (cellular respiration)

70
Q

chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis and produces energy

71
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

explains how organelles in eukaryotes originated from prokaryotes.

72
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

inner space of a mitochondria that contains enzymes and proteins

73
Q

thylakoids

A

membrane bound compartments in chloroplasts that are responsible for photosynthesis.

74
Q

granum

A

stacked thylakoids

75
Q

stroma

A

fluid outside thylakoids

76
Q

chloroplasts are closely related to?

A

plastids

77
Q

peroxisome

A

produce hydrogen peroxide then break it down into water.

78
Q

peroxisomes are ________ organelles.

A

oxidative

79
Q

endosymbiotic theory examples (3)

A

-enveloped by double membrane
-contain ribosomes and DNA
-Grow and reproduce in cells

80
Q

Mitochondria have a _____ outer membrane and an inner membrane ______.

A

smooth, folded into cristae

81
Q

What are the two compartments of the inner membrane of a mitochondria?

A

intermembrane space, mitochondrial matrix

82
Q

Cristae present _____ for enzymes that synthesize ATP.

A

a large surface area

83
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of protein fibers that gives structure to cells in the body.

84
Q

motor proteins

A

covert energy into movement on microtubule track.

85
Q

microtubules diameter

A

thickest

86
Q

microtubules structure and compostion

A

hollow tubes, tubulin

87
Q

centrosome

A

microtubule organizing center near nucleus

88
Q

centrosome are present in?

A

animal cells

89
Q

centrioles

A

pair in centrosome, each with 9 triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring

90
Q

cilia and flagella

A

help organisms move in fluid

91
Q

basal body

A

anchors the cilia or flagella

92
Q

dynein

A

motor protein that drives bending movement of flagella or cilia

93
Q

Microfilaments diameter

A

smallest

94
Q

Microfilaments structure and compostion

A

two intertwined strands, actin

95
Q

myosin

A

protein responsible for muscle contraction

96
Q

What interacts to cause a muscle contraction?

A

actin filaments and myosin

97
Q

intermediate filaments diameter

A

medium

98
Q

intermediate filaments structure and composition

A

coiled into cables, several different proteins

99
Q

The cytoskeleton provides _______ and interacts with _____.

A

anchorage for organelles, motor proteins

100
Q

function of microtubles (3)

A

-support cell
-guide movement of organelles
-separate chromosomes during cell division

101
Q

Flagella are limited to ___ per cell

A

one

102
Q

Cilia occur in __ on cell surfaces

A

large numbers

103
Q

common structure of cilia and flagella (3)

A

-basal body
-dynein
-microtubles

104
Q

structural role of microfilaments

A

bear tension

105
Q

Intermediate filaments are more _______ than the other two classes.

A

permanent cytoskeleton elements

106
Q

The cell wall is a key feature in?

A

plant cells

107
Q

primary cell wall

A

first and outermost layer

108
Q

middle lamella

A

glues plant cells together due to pectins

109
Q

pectin

A

sticky polysaccharide

110
Q

secondary cell wall

A

thick layer between plasma membrane and primary wall

111
Q

extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

network of proteins and other molecules that give structure to cells and tissues.

112
Q

Main ingredients of ECM

A

glycoproteins and carbohydrate containing molecules

113
Q

most abundant glycoprotein in ECM

A

collagen

114
Q

Where are collagen fibers embedded?

A

network of proteoglycans

115
Q

proteoglycan

A

core protein made of 95% carbs

116
Q

integrins

A

cell-surface receptors in plasma membrane

117
Q

Where does fibronectin bind?

A

integrin

118
Q

ECM glycoprotein example

A

Fibronectin

119
Q

plasmodesmata

A

cytosol filled channels that allow for communication between plant cells

120
Q

animal cells lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate ______

A

extracellular matrix

121
Q

3 glycoproteins in ECM

A

collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin

122
Q

Intercellular junctions that facilitate ECM (4)

A

-Plasmodesmata
-Tight Junctions
-Desmosomes
-Gap junctions

123
Q

Through plasmodesmata, _______ can pass from cell to cell.

A

water and small solutes

124
Q

cell junctions are common in _____.

A

epithelial tissue

AP Biology (8 decks)

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