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AP Biology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cells obtain energy from ______ using _______ and apply the energy to ______

A

sugar, cellular respiration, perform work

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2
Q

metabolism

A

totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

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3
Q

metabolism is an emergent property that arises from?

A

orderly interactions between molecules

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4
Q

metabolic pathway

A

begins with specific molecules and ends with a product

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5
Q

each step of the metabolic pathway is?

A

catalyzed by a specific enzyme

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6
Q

catabolic pathway

A

release energy by breaking complex molecules into simpler compounds.

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7
Q

anabolic pathway

A

consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones.

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8
Q

anabolic pathway is also called?

A

biosynthetic pathway

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9
Q

bioenergentics

A

study of how energy flows through living organisms.

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10
Q

energy

A

capacity to cause change

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11
Q

work is the movement of?

A

matter against opposing forces

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12
Q

thermal energy

A

kinetic energy associated with random movement of molecules.

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13
Q

heat

A

thermal energy in transfer from one object to another

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14
Q

chemical energy

A

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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15
Q

thermodynamics

A

study of energy transformations

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16
Q

Organisms are ____ systems

A

open

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17
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed

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18
Q

the first law of thermodynamics is also called?

A

principle of conservation of energy

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19
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

every energy transformation increases entropy of the universe

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20
Q

heat ____ the disorder of the surroundings

A

increases

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21
Q

scientists use the term disorder to? (2)

A

-show how dispersed energy is in a system
-show how many energy levels are present

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22
Q

spontaneous process occurs without?

A

energy input

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23
Q

For a process to occur spontaneously it must?

A

increase the entropy of the universe

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24
Q

Individual cells and whole organisms create?

A

ordered structures from disorganized starting materiel

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25
Q

free energy

A

portion of a system’s energy that can do work when temp and pressure are constant.

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26
Q

A process is spontaneous and can perform work only?

A

when it is moving towards equilibrium

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27
Q

exergonic reaction

A

proceeds with release of free energy

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28
Q

exergonic reaction is ________ and Delta g is _____?

A

spontaneous, -

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29
Q

endergonic reaction

A

absorbs free energy from its surroundings

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30
Q

endergonic reaction is _______ and Delta g is _____?

A

nonspontaneous, +

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31
Q

the magnitude of Delta g is?

A

the quantity of energy required to drive a reaction

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32
Q

Reactions in an isolated system eventually?

A

reach equilibrium and can do no work.

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33
Q

One of the defining features of life

A

metabolism as a whole is never at equilibrium

34
Q

What prevents a system from reaching equilibrium?

A

the product of each reaction is the reactant for the next.

35
Q

A cell does 3 main kinds of work.

A

-chemical
-transport
-mechanical

36
Q

energy coupling

A

the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

37
Q

Most energy coupling in cells is mediated by?

A

ATP

38
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is composed of

A

ribose, adenine,and a chain of 3 phosphate groups

39
Q

the bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP can be broken by?

A

hydrolysis

40
Q

ATP hydrolysis releases?

A

energy, ADP, and inorganic phosphate

41
Q

the energy released during ATP hydrolysis comes from?

A

chemical changes to a state of lower free energy

42
Q

Why does ATP hydrolysis releases so much energy?

A

there is a repulsive force from the 3 negatively charged phosphate groups.

43
Q

The triphosphate tail of ATP is the chemical equivalent to?

A

compressed spring

44
Q

the chemical work in a cell is powered by?

A

ATP hydrolysis

45
Q

ATP drives endergonic reactions by?

A

phosphorylation

46
Q

Phosphorylation

A

transferring a phosphate group to another molecule

47
Q

The recipient molecule from phosphorylation is called?

A

phosphorylated intermediate

48
Q

Overall the coupled reactions in ATP hydrolysis are?

A

exergonic

49
Q

ATP hydrolysis leads to? (2)

A

-change in proteins shape
-affects its ability to bond to other molecules

50
Q

The energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from?

A

catabolic reactions in the cell

51
Q

catalyst

A

speeds up a reaction without being consumed

52
Q

enzyme

A

macromolecule that acts as a catalyst

53
Q

most enzymes are ___?

A

proteins

54
Q

Activation energy

A

energy required to start a reaction by breaking bonds

55
Q

Instead of relying on heat, organisms carry out _____ to speed up reactions.

A

catalysis

56
Q

Enzymes do not affect?

A

the change in free energy (Delta G)

57
Q

Enzymes are ____ for the reactions they catalyze?

A

specific

58
Q

substrate

A

reactant molecule on which an enzyme acts

59
Q

Most enzymes names end in?

A

ase

60
Q

active site

A

region that the substrate binds to the enzyme

61
Q

Enzyme specificity results from the fit between?

A

the shape of the active site and substrate

62
Q

Induced fit

A

substrate binds to an active site and both change shape slightly, creating an ideal fit for catalysis

63
Q

Substrates are held to an enzyme’s active site by?

A

weak interactions

64
Q

example of weak interactions

A

hydrogen bonds

65
Q

Saturated Enzyme

A

All enzyme molecules in a solution are bonded with substrate.

66
Q

an enzymes activity can be affected by? (2)

A

-temperature and pH
-chemicals that influence the enzyme

67
Q

Each enzyme has a ______ and ______ at which the reaction rate is the greatest.

A

optimal temperature, pH

68
Q

Cofactors

A

carry out processes difficult for amino acids

69
Q

Cofactors are _____ molecules.

A

non protein

70
Q

Coenzyme

A

organic cofactor

71
Q

What often act as coenzymes or the raw material coenzymes are made out of?

A

vitamins

72
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

binds to the active site and prevents substrate from binding

73
Q

noncompetitive inhibitor

A

binds to an alternate site causing the active site to change shape.

74
Q

Irreversible enzyme inhibitor examples

A

poison and toxin

75
Q

under certain circumstances an altered __ might be favorable.

A

enzyme

76
Q

Allosteric regulation

A

inhibit or stimulate an enzyme’s activity

77
Q

allosteric regulation occurs when

A

a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site but affects the proteins function at another site.

78
Q

the enzyme complex oscillates between?

A

active and inactive shapes

79
Q

binding of an activator molecule ___ the active shape.

A

stabilizes

80
Q

cooperativity

A

binding of one substrate molecule to the active site of one sub unit locking the other sub units in shape

81
Q

feedback inhibition

A

end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway

82
Q

feedback inhibition prevents a cell from ______ by _______

A

wasting chemical energy, synthesizing more product than is needed

AP Biology (8 decks)

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